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BIOL 302: Chapter 1: Cells
Robert Hooke (1665)
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Used primitive microscope and looked at cork.
Found it to be composed of "cells".
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Van Lewenhook (1674)
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Used magnifying glass and looked at pond water.
Saw 1st microorganism.
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Schlerden (1838) botanist Schwann (1899) zoologist
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Examined tissues.
Cells are building blocks of tissue. Led to cell theory.
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Pasteur (1860)
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Proved cell theory.
Showed cells can only arise from pre-existing cells.
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Cell Theory
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1. All things are made of cells.
2. All cells came from other cells. 3. Cell is fundamental unit of life.
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Glycolysis
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Set of chemical reactions cells use to get energy.
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Genetic Code
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How to use information stored in DNA and RNA to make protein.
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2 Major Kinds of Cells
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1. Prokaryotic.
2. Eukaryotic.
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Small, simple, primitive cells.
No nucleus. No membrane-bound organelles. Most are single celled organisms.
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Larger, more complex.
Contain nucleus, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, and various organelles. Often found in multicellular assemblies.
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2 Types of Microscopes
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1. Light microscope.
2. Electron microscope.
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Light Microscope
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17th century.
Uses beams of light. Resolution limited by wavelength nature of light.
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Electron Microscope
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1930's.
Uses beams of electrons. Greater magnification and resolution.
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2 Types of Electron Microscopes
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1. TEM-transmission electron microscope.
2. SEM-scanning electron microscope.
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Plasma Membrane
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Encloses cell.
Separates inside from outside.
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Cytoplasm
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Surrounds nucleus.
Contents of cell contained within plasma membrane (including organelles).
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Cytosol
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Contents of main cell compartment.
Doesn't include organelles or nucleus.
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Nucleus
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Large structure that contains DNA.
Organized into chromosomes. Enclosed by double membrane (nuclear envelope). Has nuclear pores that form openings in nuclear envelope.
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Organelles
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Discrete structures or subcompartments of eurkaryotic cells that are specialized to carry out specific functions.
Enclosed by internal membranes.
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Mitochondria
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Present in almost all eukaryotic cell types.
Several micrometers long. Enclosed by double membrane. Inner membrane is highly folded. Contain DNA.Reproduce by dividing.
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