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LING 2100: Test two
phonology |
study of how sounds are distributed |
phonoactive constraints |
constraints on what sounds can appear together in a language |
plosive and approximants |
work together |
plosive and nasal and plosive and s |
have constraints |
repair strategies |
borrowing words fro mother languages but saying a word so that it fits your syllable structure |
allophone |
phones that we group together, all part of same phoneme, perceived as same sound |
allophones can be different |
pronounciations |
phonemes |
how the sound is perceived |
complimentary distribution |
different environments with no overlap, no difference in meaning, predictable ex t and aspirated t |
contrastive distribution |
same environments, different meaning, unpredictable, example t and p |
free variation |
same environment and same meaning but not predictable |
minimal pair |
a pair of words that differs by one sound ex: hat sat |
phones |
physical sound you here |
natural classes |
groups of rules that pattern together |
consonants can be |
voiced or voiceless |
labial includes |
bilabial and labiodental |
coronal includes |
interdental alveolar and post alveolar |
dorsal includes |
palatal and velar |
sibilants |
hissing or hushing sounds |
neutralization |
2 phonemes have same allophones in an environment |
assimilation |
sounds become more like another |
dissimilation |
sounds become different from one another |
insertion |
sound is inserted |
deletion |
sound is removed |
metathesis |
switching of two sounds |
strengthening aka fortition |
makes sound stronger, ex aspiration |
lentition aka weakening |
makes sound weaker ex: flapping |
Weak |
voiced
fricative
non aspirated
sonorant |
strong |
voiceless
plosive
aspirated
obstruent |
obstruent |
plosive, fricative affricate |
sonorant |
nasal approximant vowels |
solving phonology problems |
0. find minimal pairs
1. environments and natural classes
2. distribution, complementary/contrastive
3. generalize and state rules
4. list phonemes
5. write rules |
morphology |
which sound units also have meaning |
lexical category |
part of speech |
open morphemes |
accept new words ex: noun verb adjective |
closed morphemes |
don't accept new words, ex: pronoun, article, preposition conjunction |
free morphemes |
can stand alone |
bound morphemes |
cannot stand alone |
affixes |
prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix |
reduplication |
like>>likelike |
compounding |
blackbird, bookstore |
alternation |
loathe >loath, depth> deep |
supletion |
go-went
be-am |
root |
base word |
stem |
what you attach affixes to |
analytic languages |
languages with low morpheme-word ratio |
synthetic languages |
languages with high morpheme- word ratio |
isolating languages |
have no bound morpheme |
agglutinating |
morphemes only have one meaning consistently |
fusional |
morphemes have many meanings |
polysynthetic languages |
high morphemes per word, complex sentences as one word |
noun incorporation |
object noun included in same word as verb |