LING 2100: Test two
52 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
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phonology
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study of how sounds are distributed
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phonoactive constraints
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constraints on what sounds can appear together in a language
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plosive and approximants
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work together
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plosive and nasal and plosive and s
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have constraints
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repair strategies
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borrowing words fro mother languages but saying a word so that it fits your syllable structure
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allophone
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phones that we group together, all part of same phoneme, perceived as same sound
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allophones can be different
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pronounciations
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phonemes
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how the sound is perceived
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complimentary distribution
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different environments with no overlap, no difference in meaning, predictable ex t and aspirated t
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contrastive distribution
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same environments, different meaning, unpredictable, example t and p
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free variation
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same environment and same meaning but not predictable
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minimal pair
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a pair of words that differs by one sound ex: hat sat
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phones
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physical sound you here
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natural classes
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groups of rules that pattern together
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consonants can be
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voiced or voiceless
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labial includes
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bilabial and labiodental
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coronal includes
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interdental alveolar and post alveolar
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dorsal includes
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palatal and velar
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sibilants
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hissing or hushing sounds
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neutralization
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2 phonemes have same allophones in an environment
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assimilation
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sounds become more like another
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dissimilation
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sounds become different from one another
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insertion
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sound is inserted
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deletion
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sound is removed
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metathesis
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switching of two sounds
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strengthening aka fortition
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makes sound stronger, ex aspiration
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lentition aka weakening
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makes sound weaker ex: flapping
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Weak
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voiced
fricative
non aspirated
sonorant
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strong
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voiceless
plosive
aspirated
obstruent
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obstruent
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plosive, fricative affricate
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sonorant
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nasal approximant vowels
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solving phonology problems
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0. find minimal pairs
1. environments and natural classes
2. distribution, complementary/contrastive
3. generalize and state rules
4. list phonemes
5. write rules
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morphology
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which sound units also have meaning
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lexical category
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part of speech
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open morphemes
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accept new words ex: noun verb adjective
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closed morphemes
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don't accept new words, ex: pronoun, article, preposition conjunction
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free morphemes
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can stand alone
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bound morphemes
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cannot stand alone
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affixes
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prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix
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reduplication
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like>>likelike
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compounding
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blackbird, bookstore
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alternation
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loathe >loath, depth> deep
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supletion
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go-went
be-am
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root
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base word
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stem
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what you attach affixes to
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analytic languages
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languages with low morpheme-word ratio
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synthetic languages
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languages with high morpheme- word ratio
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isolating languages
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have no bound morpheme
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agglutinating
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morphemes only have one meaning consistently
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fusional
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morphemes have many meanings
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polysynthetic languages
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high morphemes per word, complex sentences as one word
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noun incorporation
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object noun included in same word as verb
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LING 2100: Test two