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GEOG 1000: EXAM 1
Define the literal meaning of "geography" |
earth description
|
List three misconceptions about geography |
place trivia
the study of rocks
|
systematic geography |
1. GI Science
2. Landforms
3. Weather and Climate
4. Population
5. Cultural Geography
6. Economic Geography
7. Urban Geography
|
regional geography |
1. Anglo America
-Climate
-Landforms
-Populations
-Economy
2.Latin America
-Climate
-Landforms
-Population
-Economy
3. Europe
-Climate
-Population
-Economy
|
List and describe the three broad disciplinary divisions within systematic geography, as well as disciplines that they overlap |
1. Geographic Techniques
2. Physical Geography
3. Human Geography
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List and describe the 5 fundamental themes as defined by the NCGE |
1.Location
-Absolute: surface of the earth w/ accuracy
-Relative: directions
2. Place
-Natural Landscape
-Cultural Landscape: Rio Christ Sculpture
3. Human-Environment Relationships
-Tsunami, ozone
4.Movement
-Spatial interaction
-spatial diffusion
-spatial interaction
5.Regions
-Formal: coastal plain
-Functional: center point in region
-Vernacular: where you think something is
|
Contrast two types of location |
absolute: lat & long
relative: giving someone directions
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List and explain three types of regions |
Formal:coastal plain
Functional:center point in region
Vernacular: where you think something is
|
List three reasons why to study geography |
-only discipline concerned w/ locational aspects of both physical and cultural phenomena
-many national and international issues have geographical dimensions
|
List and describe 8 career fields in geography |
-teacher/educator
-cartographer/GIS specialist
-remote sensing analysis
-business geographer
-medical geographer
-intelligence analyst
-environment analysts/planner
-urban and regional planner
-atmospheric scientist
|
Define the term "Map" and discuss why maps must be carefully interpreted |
symbolic representation of the Earth's surface. normally presented to scale on flat medium.
|
Discuss how geographers and others use maps |
-research tools: home values.
--spatial correlation two different maps are similar.
-communication tools
-navigation
-locational index
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Describe six essential components of maps |
1. map view
2. title: theme & geography
3. legend: guide to symbology
4. scale: bar, verbal
5. North arrow or compass view
6. Data source
|
Explain the difference between large scale maps and small scale maps |
convert to a fraction, larger fraction = larger map
|
thematic maps |
focus on one topic or theme
|
general maps |
USGS Topographic Map
-show a wide variety of features
|
Give an example of a commonly used general map |
USGS Topographic Map
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Be able to recognize and interpret commonly used thematic maps |
1. point symbol map
-dot density maps show distribution
-proportional symbol maps show large cities
2. Line symbol map
-flow line, isoline (temps), continuous date
3.area symbol maps
-choropeleth (color)
-area qualitative shows categories (written language)
-cartogram show distorted polygons
|
Define the term Map Projection. |
taking the round earth and marking a map with it flat.
|
List four properties that map projections preserve and the types of projections that best preserve these properties. |
1. Area- equal area
2. Shape - conformal
3. Distance - equidistant
4. Direction - azimuthal
|
Describe three developable surfaces for map projections, and name the one that tends to distort size in higher latitudes. |
1. planar- circle (along a point)
2. conic - slanted (along two lines)
3. cylindrical- rectangle (along one line)
-distortion increases further away from point you go
|
Describe the geographic coordinate system. |
Longitude & Latitude
|
List the characteristics of parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. |
1.Latitute
-E-W
-Distance from the EQUATOR
-1 degree = 69 miles
-N or S
2.Longitude
-How far E or W you are from the PRIME MERIDIAN (Greenwich, England)
-Time
|
Describe planar coordinate systems and give one example. |
Finding places on a flat map
feet or meters
|
List the disciplines that comprise Geographic Information Science. |
1. Cartography
2. Geographic Information Science
3. Remote Sensing
4. GPS
5. Geodesy
6.Photogrammertry
7. Surveying
|
Define Cartography |
science and art of making maps
|
Explain what GIS is and list its component functions. |
computer system for map date
|
Name the leading GIS software company and its flagship product. |
Geodatabase
|
Give three examples of GIS analysis functions |
1. Suitable Analysis
-finding the most suitable locations for any activity
ex: stores
2. Network Analysis
-finding the shortest path through network
ex: 911, UPS
3. 3-D Analysis
|
Explain the purpose of GPS and name its components. |
1. data manipulation
-network analysis
-suitable analysis
-3d analysis
2.application areas
|
List three other GPS-like systems |
GNSS
GLONASS
Galileo
|
Define remote sensing. |
collecting information about the surface of the earth without coming into contact with it
|
Discuss the difference between an active sensor and a passive sensor. |
1. active
2. passive
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List some types of photographic and non-photographic remote sensing imagery. |
1.photographic
-aerial photograph film
-pigeons in WWI
2. Non-photographic
-digital
-pixels
|
Contrast true color vs. false color imagery. |
true color-what you see
false color- inferred, give it a color.
|
Define "geomorphology". |
the study of landforms and the processes that produced them
|
Cite the age of the Earth |
4.5 billion years
|
Explain how the earth was formed. |
accretion- process whereby planetessimals aggregated to form the earth
|
List some important earth measurements. |
-93 million miles from the sun
-diameter 7926 miles*
-circumference 24,901 miles
|
Describe the internal structure of the earth. |
-inner core
-outer core
-mantle
-asthenosphere
-lithosphere
|
List natural phenomena that give us clues to this structure. |
earthquakes |
List three classes of rock and explain how they form. |
1. igneous
2. sedimentary
3. metamorphic
|
Discuss who Alfred Wegener was. |
theory of continental drift
|
Describe the evidence for continental drift / plate tectonics. |
pangea
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Define the following terms: Pangea, Laurasia, Gondwana, Aesthenosphere, Lithosphere, Subduction, Convection Cell, convergent boundaries, divergent boundaries |
-pangea- earth's eupercontinent
-laurasia
-gondwana
-asthenosphere: part of the mantel
-lithosphere: rigid, between mantel and oceanic crust
-subduction
-convection cell
-convergent boundaries
-divergent boundaries
|
List and describe important plate boundary landscapes and phenomena |
1. mid-ocean ridges
2. continental rifts
3. deep ocean trenches
4.mountain ranges
5. volcanoes
6. earthquakes
|
List the two broad categories of tectonic forces. |
1. faulting
2. folding
|
List and describe 3 diastrophic forces. |
earthquakes
volcanoes
tsunamis
|
Describe the Richter and Moment Magnitude scales. |
Richter- amplitude of shock waves
Moment Magnitude- more accurate than richter
|
Describe the nature of tsunamis and the forces that create them. |
earthquakes at sea
|
Contrast intrusive and extrusive volcanism. |
intrusive-magma doesnt reach surface
extrusive- volcanic peaks, lava flows.
|
Describe hot spot volcanism and give examples. |
Hawaiian volcanoes
|
Describe the following intrusive volcanic landforms: batholith, laccolith, dike. |
batholith:
laccolith:
dike:
|
Describe the following extrusive volcanic landforms: shield volcanoes, stratocone volcanoes, cinder volcanoes, fissure volcanoes, caldera. |
shield volcanoes: layers of lava. oozing lava.
stratocone: ash&lava layers, explosive
cinder: small, clumps, all of ash
fissure: crack in the earths structure
caldera: crater
|
Discuss the relationship between volcanic eruptions and climate change. |
1816- The year without summer (Tambora)
Blocked out radiation from the sun
crops failed, famine
volcanoes can affect climate
1991- Mt. Pinatubo
ash went around the world
lowered temperatures
|
Define mechanical weathering and give some examples. |
frost wedging
biological: tree roots, goats.
|
Define chemical weathering. |
Limestone --> Carbonation
|
List characteristics of Karst Topography. |
sinkholes
caverns
disappearing streams
springs
natural bridges
|
Define and give examples of mass wasting. |
soil creep: very slow
debris flow: very rapid, dangerous
|
Describe the following landforms produced by erosion/deposition of running water: delta, alluvial plain, oxbow lake, natural levee, alluvial fan, mesa, butte |
delta- triangle shaped mouth of a stream
alluvial fan-
oxbow lake-
natural levee-
alluvial fan-
mesa & buttes- plateau
|
Distinguish between alpine and continental glaciation. |
continental: greenland & antartica
alpine: mountain tops. Alps, rockies, andes
|
Name the last great ice age epoch. |
Pielistein
|
Describe the following features produced by glacial erosion: cirque, tarn, arête, glacial trough, fjord, col. |
cirque: bowl depressions
tarn: small lake *
arete: knife like ridge
glacial trough: U shape valley
fjord: embayment, oceans invading glacier throughs
col: dip between peaks
|
Describe the following landforms produced by glacial deposition: moraine, outwash plain, drumlin, esker. |
moraine- glacier retreats & shows earth
-long island and cape cod
-mounds of earth materials
outwash plain- glacier sediments settle
drumlin- teaspoon shaped ills form under glacier
esker- snake like ridge, stream flows under glacier
|
Name landforms produced by Aeolian (wind) erosion and deposition: dunes, loess, and yardangs |
sand dunes
loess
yardangs
|
Describe atolls and reefs and the processes that produce them. |
fringing reef, volcano sinks, critters on reef, built reef up.
Ring shaped island
|