GEOG 1000: EXAM 1
66 Cards in this Set
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Define the literal meaning of "geography"
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earth description
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List three misconceptions about geography
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place trivia
the study of rocks
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systematic geography
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1. GI Science
2. Landforms
3. Weather and Climate
4. Population
5. Cultural Geography
6. Economic Geography
7. Urban Geography
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regional geography
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1. Anglo America
-Climate
-Landforms
-Populations
-Economy
2.Latin America
-Climate
-Landforms
-Population
-Economy
3. Europe
-Climate
-Population
-Economy
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List and describe the three broad disciplinary divisions within systematic geography, as well as disciplines that they overlap
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1. Geographic Techniques
2. Physical Geography
3. Human Geography
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List and describe the 5 fundamental themes as defined by the NCGE
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1.Location
-Absolute: surface of the earth w/ accuracy
-Relative: directions
2. Place
-Natural Landscape
-Cultural Landscape: Rio Christ Sculpture
3. Human-Environment Relationships
-Tsunami, ozone
4.Movement
-Spatial interaction
-spatial diffusion
-spatial interaction
5.Regi…
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Contrast two types of location
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absolute: lat & long
relative: giving someone directions
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List and explain three types of regions
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Formal:coastal plain
Functional:center point in region
Vernacular: where you think something is
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List three reasons why to study geography
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-only discipline concerned w/ locational aspects of both physical and cultural phenomena
-many national and international issues have geographical dimensions
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List and describe 8 career fields in geography
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-teacher/educator
-cartographer/GIS specialist
-remote sensing analysis
-business geographer
-medical geographer
-intelligence analyst
-environment analysts/planner
-urban and regional planner
-atmospheric scientist
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Define the term "Map" and discuss why maps must be carefully interpreted
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symbolic representation of the Earth's surface. normally presented to scale on flat medium.
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Discuss how geographers and others use maps
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-research tools: home values.
--spatial correlation two different maps are similar.
-communication tools
-navigation
-locational index
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Describe six essential components of maps
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1. map view
2. title: theme & geography
3. legend: guide to symbology
4. scale: bar, verbal
5. North arrow or compass view
6. Data source
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Explain the difference between large scale maps and small scale maps
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convert to a fraction, larger fraction = larger map
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thematic maps
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focus on one topic or theme
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general maps
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USGS Topographic Map
-show a wide variety of features
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Give an example of a commonly used general map
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USGS Topographic Map
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Be able to recognize and interpret commonly used thematic maps
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1. point symbol map
-dot density maps show distribution
-proportional symbol maps show large cities
2. Line symbol map
-flow line, isoline (temps), continuous date
3.area symbol maps
-choropeleth (color)
-area qualitative shows categories (written language)
-cartogram show distort…
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Define the term Map Projection.
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taking the round earth and marking a map with it flat.
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List four properties that map projections preserve and the types of projections that best preserve these properties.
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1. Area- equal area
2. Shape - conformal
3. Distance - equidistant
4. Direction - azimuthal
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Describe three developable surfaces for map projections, and name the one that tends to distort size in higher latitudes.
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1. planar- circle (along a point)
2. conic - slanted (along two lines)
3. cylindrical- rectangle (along one line)
-distortion increases further away from point you go
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Describe the geographic coordinate system.
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Longitude & Latitude
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List the characteristics of parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude.
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1.Latitute
-E-W
-Distance from the EQUATOR
-1 degree = 69 miles
-N or S
2.Longitude
-How far E or W you are from the PRIME MERIDIAN (Greenwich, England)
-Time
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Describe planar coordinate systems and give one example.
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Finding places on a flat map
feet or meters
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List the disciplines that comprise Geographic Information Science.
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1. Cartography
2. Geographic Information Science
3. Remote Sensing
4. GPS
5. Geodesy
6.Photogrammertry
7. Surveying
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Define Cartography
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science and art of making maps
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Explain what GIS is and list its component functions.
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computer system for map date
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Name the leading GIS software company and its flagship product.
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Geodatabase
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Give three examples of GIS analysis functions
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1. Suitable Analysis
-finding the most suitable locations for any activity
ex: stores
2. Network Analysis
-finding the shortest path through network
ex: 911, UPS
3. 3-D Analysis
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Explain the purpose of GPS and name its components.
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1. data manipulation
-network analysis
-suitable analysis
-3d analysis
2.application areas
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List three other GPS-like systems
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GNSS
GLONASS
Galileo
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Define remote sensing.
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collecting information about the surface of the earth without coming into contact with it
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Discuss the difference between an active sensor and a passive sensor.
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1. active
2. passive
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List some types of photographic and non-photographic remote sensing imagery.
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1.photographic
-aerial photograph film
-pigeons in WWI
2. Non-photographic
-digital
-pixels
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Contrast true color vs. false color imagery.
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true color-what you see
false color- inferred, give it a color.
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Define "geomorphology".
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the study of landforms and the processes that produced them
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Cite the age of the Earth
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4.5 billion years
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Explain how the earth was formed.
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accretion- process whereby planetessimals aggregated to form the earth
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List some important earth measurements.
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-93 million miles from the sun
-diameter 7926 miles*
-circumference 24,901 miles
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Describe the internal structure of the earth.
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-inner core
-outer core
-mantle
-asthenosphere
-lithosphere
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List natural phenomena that give us clues to this structure.
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earthquakes
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List three classes of rock and explain how they form.
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1. igneous
2. sedimentary
3. metamorphic
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Discuss who Alfred Wegener was.
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theory of continental drift
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Describe the evidence for continental drift / plate tectonics.
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pangea
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Define the following terms: Pangea, Laurasia, Gondwana, Aesthenosphere, Lithosphere, Subduction, Convection Cell, convergent boundaries, divergent boundaries
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-pangea- earth's eupercontinent
-laurasia
-gondwana
-asthenosphere: part of the mantel
-lithosphere: rigid, between mantel and oceanic crust
-subduction
-convection cell
-convergent boundaries
-divergent boundaries
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List and describe important plate boundary landscapes and phenomena
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1. mid-ocean ridges
2. continental rifts
3. deep ocean trenches
4.mountain ranges
5. volcanoes
6. earthquakes
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List the two broad categories of tectonic forces.
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1. faulting
2. folding
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List and describe 3 diastrophic forces.
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earthquakes
volcanoes
tsunamis
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Describe the Richter and Moment Magnitude scales.
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Richter- amplitude of shock waves
Moment Magnitude- more accurate than richter
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Describe the nature of tsunamis and the forces that create them.
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earthquakes at sea
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Contrast intrusive and extrusive volcanism.
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intrusive-magma doesnt reach surface
extrusive- volcanic peaks, lava flows.
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Describe hot spot volcanism and give examples.
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Hawaiian volcanoes
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Describe the following intrusive volcanic landforms: batholith, laccolith, dike.
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batholith:
laccolith:
dike:
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Describe the following extrusive volcanic landforms: shield volcanoes, stratocone volcanoes, cinder volcanoes, fissure volcanoes, caldera.
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shield volcanoes: layers of lava. oozing lava.
stratocone: ash&lava layers, explosive
cinder: small, clumps, all of ash
fissure: crack in the earths structure
caldera: crater
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Discuss the relationship between volcanic eruptions and climate change.
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1816- The year without summer (Tambora)
Blocked out radiation from the sun
crops failed, famine
volcanoes can affect climate
1991- Mt. Pinatubo
ash went around the world
lowered temperatures
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Define mechanical weathering and give some examples.
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frost wedging
biological: tree roots, goats.
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Define chemical weathering.
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Limestone --> Carbonation
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List characteristics of Karst Topography.
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sinkholes
caverns
disappearing streams
springs
natural bridges
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Define and give examples of mass wasting.
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soil creep: very slow
debris flow: very rapid, dangerous
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Describe the following landforms produced by erosion/deposition of running water: delta, alluvial plain, oxbow lake, natural levee, alluvial fan, mesa, butte
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delta- triangle shaped mouth of a stream
alluvial fan-
oxbow lake-
natural levee-
alluvial fan-
mesa & buttes- plateau
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Distinguish between alpine and continental glaciation.
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continental: greenland & antartica
alpine: mountain tops. Alps, rockies, andes
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Name the last great ice age epoch.
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Pielistein
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Describe the following features produced by glacial erosion: cirque, tarn, arête, glacial trough, fjord, col.
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cirque: bowl depressions
tarn: small lake *
arete: knife like ridge
glacial trough: U shape valley
fjord: embayment, oceans invading glacier throughs
col: dip between peaks
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Describe the following landforms produced by glacial deposition: moraine, outwash plain, drumlin, esker.
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moraine- glacier retreats & shows earth
-long island and cape cod
-mounds of earth materials
outwash plain- glacier sediments settle
drumlin- teaspoon shaped ills form under glacier
esker- snake like ridge, stream flows under glacier
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Name landforms produced by Aeolian (wind) erosion and deposition: dunes, loess, and yardangs
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sand dunes
loess
yardangs
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Describe atolls and reefs and the processes that produce them.
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fringing reef, volcano sinks, critters on reef, built reef up.
Ring shaped island
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GEOG 1000: CHAPTER 8