ANTH 1000: FINAL EXAM
192 Cards in this Set
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The fertile crescent, an area where the earliest evidence of cultivation and domestication began, was in
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Middle East
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During the broad-spectrum revolution, humans did not shift their attention to
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Mammoths
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What was the characteristic tool type of the Mesolithic?
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Microlith
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What are the main differences between wild and domesticated plants?
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The seeds of domesticated cereals were larger
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What was the most significant contrast between Old and New World food production?
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little or lack of animal domestication in the New World
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Which plants and animals that were first to appear were not domesticated?
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Horses
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What is the most important primary variable in the origin of the state?
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Population growth
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Which of the following features is not part of Carneiro's model for early state formation?
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Long-distance trade
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Advantages and disadvantages of food collecting (foraging)
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Advantages - better nutrition and takes less effort
Disadvantages - had to keep moving to follow food, there was a decrease in available wild food, so it became more difficult with an increasing population
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Advantages and disadvantages of food-producing societies
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Advantages - could settle down and not move, led to big religious organizations and events
Disadvantages - crowding, malnutrition
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Which of the following statements is not true about call systems?
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They rely almost totally on learning
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What linguist argued that all languages have a common structural basis or universal grammar?
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Noam Chomsky
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The structure of language does not include
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Kinesics
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When Washoe, a chimpanzee, combined the signs for water and bird to denote a swan that she saw, she was displaying
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productivity
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Research on the communication skills of nonhuman primates reveals their inability to refer to objects that are not immediately present in their environment, such as food and danger. The ability to describe things that are not immediately present is called
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displacement
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What term refers to the arrangement of words in phrases and sentences?
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syntax
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Sapir and Whorf studied the influence of
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language on thought
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If we discuss a tree doctor and his use of twenty or more names of trees, we are talking about his
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focal vocabulary
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Languages form when...
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different societies come into contact and they must devise a system of communication are called pidgins.
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Berlin and Kay's study, which determined that there are ten basic color terms that appear in languages in a consistent order, is an example of the study of
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ethnosemantics
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languages that have descended from the same ancestral language
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daughter languages
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the name of the gorilla that was taught American Sign Language
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Koko
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the position that different languages produce different ways of thinking
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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Black English Vernacular
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a complex linguistic system with its own rules
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the variation or style shifts of speech in different contexts
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style shift
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The universal alphabet of all potential sounds based on how they are produced
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International Phonetic Alphabet
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Broad spectrum revolution
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foraging of varied plants and animal foods at end of Ice age; prelude to Neolithic
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Mesolithic
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Stone toolmaking, emphasizing microliths within broad-spectrum economies
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Neolithic
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term used to describe economies based on food production (cultivated crops and domesticated animals)
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Hilly Flanks
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Woodland zone just north of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
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Sedentism
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Settled (sedentary) life
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Natufians
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Widespread Middle Eastern foraging culture (12,500 - 10,500 B.P.)
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Mesoamerica
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Middle America, including Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize
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Maize
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Corn; first domesticated in tropical southwestern Mexico around 8,000 B.P.
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Manioc
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Cassava; tuber domesticated in the South American lowlands
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Teosinte
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Wild ancestor of maize; grows wild in southwest Mexico
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State
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society with central government, administrative specialization, and social classes
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Multivariate
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involving multiple factors, causes, or variables
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Empire
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Mature state that is large, multiethnic, militaristic, and expansive
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Mesopotamia
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area where earliest states developed, between Tigris and Euphrates rivers
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Egalitarian society
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Society with rudimentary status distinctions
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Ranked society
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Society with hereditary inequality for lacking social stratification
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Stratification
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presence of social divisions -strata- with unequal wealth and power
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Chiefdom
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ranked society with two or three level settlement hierarchy
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Primary States
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states arising through competition among chiefdoms
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Cuneiform
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Early Mesopotamian wedge-shaping writing, using stylus on clay
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Metallurgy
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extraction and processing of metals to make tools
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Smelting
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High-temperature extraction of metal from ore (gold)
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Bronze
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alloy of copper and arsenic or tin
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Zapotec state
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First Mesoamerican state, in the Valley of Oaxaca
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Teotihuacan
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First valley of Mexico (100-700 C.E.); earliest Mesoamerican empire
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Settlement Hierarchy
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communities with varying size, function, and building types
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Aztec
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Last independent Valley of Mexico state (1325-1520 C.E, Spanish Conquest)
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Language
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primary means of human communication, spoken and written
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call systems
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communication systems of nonhuman primates
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Cultural transmission
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transmission through learning, basic to language
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Productivity
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creating new expressions that are comprehensible to other speakers
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displacement
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describing things and events that are not present; basic to language
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kinesics
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study of communication through body movements and facial expressions
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Phonology
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study of a language's phonemics and phonetics
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Morphology
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[Linguistin] study of morphemes and word construction
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Lexicon
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Vocabulary; all the morphemes in a language and their meanings
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Syntax
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arrangement of words in phrases and sentences
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Phoneme
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smallest sound contrast that distinguishes meaning
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Phonetics
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Study of speech sounds and what people actually say
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Phonemics
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Study of sound contrast (phonemes) in a language
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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idea that different languages produce different patterns of thought
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Focal vocabulary
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set of words describing particular domains (foci) of experience
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Semantics
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a language's meaning system
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Ethnosemantics
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study of lexical (vocabulary) categories and contrasts
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Style shifts
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varying one's speech in different social contexts
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Diglossia
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language with "high" (formal) and "low" (informal, familial) dialects
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Honorifics
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terms of respect; used to honor people
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Black English Vernacular
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Rule-governed dialect spoken by some African Americans
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Historical linguistics
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study of languages over time
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Daughter languages
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languages sharing a common parent language (ex: Latin)
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Protolanguage
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language ancestral to several daughter languages
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Subgroups
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(Linguistic) closely related languages
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Which of the following subsistence strategies did all human groups use until 10,000 years ago?
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foraging
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What is one primary reason food collectors don't work harder?
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There is no need to, and it would overexploit resources
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Which of the following does not characterize agriculture?
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the use of a fallow period
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What is the basic social unit of foragers?
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the band
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Which of the following characterizes horticulture?
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The use of a fallow period
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Which of the following statements about negative reciprocity is not true?
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Negative reciprocity cannot be practiced by a society that already practices generalized reciprocity.
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What is the market principle?
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the use of money to buy and sell things at prices determined by supply and demand
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Which of the following is not true of a potlatch?
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The potlatch made enemies of local groups along the northern Pacific Coast.
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In a patrilineal descent group, which person is a relative?
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FaSi
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In a bilateral descent group, which person is not a relative?
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Hu
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Which of the following is your cross cousin?
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your mother's brother's son
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Exogamy is best defined as
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rules that dictate marriage outside a group to which a person belongs.
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What is the term for a family in which an individual is raised? What is the term for a family in which an individual may later join through marriage?
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family of orientation; family of procreation
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Under which form of postmarital residence rule systems do couples move to the wife's community?
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Matrilocal
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Which of the following kinship terminologies is commonly found in societies with neolocal postmarital residence rules?
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Lineal
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What is the term for the nuclear family that is formed when one marries and has children?
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family of procreation
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T/F: Societies become more egalitarian as their adaptive strategies move along the cultivation continuum.
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False
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T/F: An anthropological analysis of the potlatch shows that this custom is a cultural adaptation to alternating periods of local abundance and shortage, and not an example of irrational wasteful behavior, as Christian missionaries and proponents of classic economic theory argued.
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True
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T/F: Clans typically have more members and cover a larger area than lineages
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True
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T/F: Affinals is a term in a lineal kinship terminology system that includes siblings, nieces, and nephews
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False
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T/F: Levirate marriage refers to the custom by which a widower marries the sister of his deceased wife
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False
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Patrilocal residence
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couple lives with or near grooms parents
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Neolocal residence
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Couple lives away from parents of both bride and groom
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Matrilocal residence
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couple lives near or with bride's parents
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Levirate
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marriage with brother of deceased husband
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Parallel cousins
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children of siblings of same gender
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Sororate
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marriage with sister of deceased wife
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Cross cousins
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children of mother;s brother or father's sister
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Sororal polygyny
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marriage to sister's husband
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Three myths about forager
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Foraging populations possess simple technology. Foragers live a difficult and miserable life. Foragers are unhealthy and their lifestyles are dirty and unhygienic.
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adaptive strategy
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means of making a living, productive system
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band
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basic social unit among foragers; fewer than 100 people may split seasonally
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Correlation
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association
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Horticulture
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nonindustrial plant cultivation with fallowing
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Agriculture
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cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively
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Cultivation continuum
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continuum of land and labor use
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Pastoralists
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herders of domesticated animals
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Nomadism (pastoral)
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annual movement of entire pastoral group with herds
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Transhumance
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system in which only parts of population moves seasonally with herds
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Economy
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system of resource production, distribution, and consumption
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Mode of production
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specific set of social relations that organize labor
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Meas (or factors) or production
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major productive resources (land, labor, technology, capital)
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Peasant
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small-scale farmer with rent fund obligation
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economizing
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allocation of scarce means among alternative ends
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market principle
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buying, selling, and valuation based on supply and demand
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Reciprocity
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principle governing exchanges among social equals
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Redistribution
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flow of goods into center, then back out characteristic of chiefdoms
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Reciprocity continuum
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A continuum running from generalized reciprocity (closely related/deferred return) to negative reciprocity (strangers/immediate return)
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Generalized reciprocity
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exchanges among closely related individuals
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balanced reciprocity
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midpoint of reciprocity continuum, between generalized and negative reciprocity
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Negative reciprocity
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potentially hostile exchanges among strangers
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Potlatch
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competitive feast on North Pacific coast of North America
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Decent group
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group based on belief in shared ancestry
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family of orientation
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nuclear family in which one is born in and grows up in
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family of procreation
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nuclear family established when one marries and has children
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Neolocality
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living situation in which couple established new residence
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Extended family household
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household with three or more generations
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Unilineal descent
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matrilineal or patrilineal descent
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Lineage
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unilinear descent groups based on demonstrated descent
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clan
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unilineal descent group based on stipulated descent
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clan
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unilineal descent group based on stipulated descent
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Ambilineal
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flexible descent rule; neother patrilineal nor matrilineal
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Kindship calculation
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how people in a particular society reckon kin relations
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ego
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position from which one views and egocentric genealogy
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Bilateral kinship calculation
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kin ties calculated equally through men and women
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Functional explanation
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one based on correltiaotn or co-occurrence of social variables
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lineal kinship terminology
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four parental kin terms: M, F, FB=MB, and MZ=FZ
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Lineal relative
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ego's direct ancestors and descendants
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collateral relatives
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relative outisde ego's direct line (Ex: B, Z, FB, MZ)
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Affinals
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relatives by marraige
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Bifurcate merging kinship terminology
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four parental kin terms: M=MZ, F=FB, MB, and FZ; Each stands alone
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Generational kinship terminology
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just two parental kin terms: M=MZ=FZ and F=FB=MB
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Bifurcate collateral kinship terminology
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six separate parental Kin terms: M, F, MB, MZ, FB, and FZ
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Genitor
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child's biological father
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pater
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one;s socially recognized father
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Parallel cousins
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children of two brothers or two sisters
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cross cousins
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children of a brother and a sister
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exogamy
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marriage outside a given group
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incest
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forbidden sexual relations with a close relative
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endogamy
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marriage of people from the same group
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Mater
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socially recognized mother of a child
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Lobola
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a substancial marital gift from the husband and his kin to the wife and her new kin
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Dowry
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substantial gifts to the husband's family from the wife'e groups
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Plural marriage
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more than two spouses simultaneously (aka polygamy)
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Polygyny
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man has more than one wife at one time
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Polyandry
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woman has more than one husband at one time
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communitas
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intense feeling of social solidarity
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Religion
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belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces
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Polytheism
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worship of multiple deities who control aspects of nature
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monotheism
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worship of an internal omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent supreme being
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mana
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impersonal scared force so named in Melanesia and Polynesia
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taboo
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scared and forbidden; prohibition backed by supernatural backed by supernatural sanctions
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animism
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belief in souls or doubles
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magic
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use of supernatural techniques to accomplish something
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Ritual
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formal, repetitive, stereotyped behavior; based on a liturgical order
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rites of passage
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rites marking transitions between places, or stages of life
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liminality
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the in-between phase of a passage rite
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Cosmology
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a system, often religious, for imagining and understanding the universe
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totem
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an animal, plant, or geographic feature associated with a specific social group, to which that totem is sacred or symbolically important
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leveling mechanism
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custom that brings standouts back in line with community norms
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shamon
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a part-time magico-religious practitioner
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revitalization movements
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movements aimed at altering or revitalizing a society
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syncretisms
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cultural, especially religious, mixes, emerging from acculturation
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cargo cults
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postcolonial, acculturative religious movements in Melanesia
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antimodernism
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rejecting the modern for a presumed earlier, purer, better way
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fundamentalism
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advocating strict fidelity to a religion's presumed founding principles
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arts
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include visual arts, literature (written or oral), music, and performance arts
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expressive culture
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dance, music, painting, sculpture, pottery, cloth, stories, drama, comedy, ect.
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art
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object, event, or other expressive form that evokes an aesthetic reaction
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aesthetics
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the appreciation of qualities perceived in art
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ethnomusicology
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comparative study of music as an aspect of culture and society
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folk
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of the people (the art, music, and lore of ordinary people
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catharsis
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intense emotional release
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text
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cultural product that is processed and assigned meaning by anyone exposed to it
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ANTH 1000: FINAL