ANTH 1000: EXAM 1
57 Cards in this Set
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3 Principles of Ethics
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1. Do no harm
2. Informed Consent
3. Anonymity
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Polyvocality
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coming from more than one voice
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3 Meanings of culture
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1. Sophistication
2. Group of people
3. Set of ideas, values, practices
Basically is a socially learned behavior
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Enculturation
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learning culture by growing up in it
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Acculturation
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learning a different culture
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Cumulative culture
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builds on itself (think of technology)
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Ethnology
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science of anthropology
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participant observation
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being in presence of others when studying them
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Franz Boas
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father of american anth
studied Inuits
Fought much racism and hierarchy of field (savage, barbarian, civilized)
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Reflexivity
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reflect upon process of gaining knowledge- did your presence change culture?
AKA methods section
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Social grooming hypthesis
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talking to maintain relationships when groups grew larger
Theory of language
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Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
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language constrains our perception of the world
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Universal grammar
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grammar evolves to make language easier
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Lingua Franca
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common blend of languages of two languages from two different groups
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Pidgin
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2 languages borrow from each other
Sucessful example is Creole
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Linguistic chain
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gradual shift from language to language
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Historical particularism
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cultural traits shouldn't be assessed on a racial basis, but simply by the history of the people
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kinship
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socially constructed relation between mating, birth, nurturance
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Marriage
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formalizes sexual relations, legitimizes children born from union
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Descent
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relations based on birth
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Bilateral descent
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from both mother and father
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unilineal descent
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from either mother or father, can be matrilineal or patrilineal
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Lineage
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traced back to specific person
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Clan
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believe in relations, but cannot trace back
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Fictive kinship
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"brothers" in war, fraternity bros, etc
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Polygamy
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3+ people
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sexual dimorphism
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physical difference between males and females, leads to greater sexual competition
humans have less
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Reverse dominance
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how egalitarian societies function
Xmas in Kalahari article
People weren't nicer, checks were just more severe
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Illegitimate power
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coervice
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authority
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perception of legitimacy
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Sodality
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groups based on kinship, gender, etc for political organization
ex. lineages or clans
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Complementary opposition
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2 subgroups that defend each other in disputes - all subgroups unite against external enemies
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transhumance
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seasonally moving animals to graze
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raiding
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short use of force with limited goal
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feuding
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ongoing hostility, may be never ending
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war
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violent, large scale conflict
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identity fusion
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in soldiers especially
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Economy made up of
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production
exchange
consumption
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Generalized reciprocity
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immediate return not expected, believed it all balances out
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Balanced reciprocity
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immediate return expected
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Negative reciprocity
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getting something for nothing - stealing
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Redistributional Economic Exchange
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through centralized institution
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Potlatch
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leaders give away goods to redistribute wealth
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Regional Symbiosis
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groups located with different resources have to work together, chiefs become centralized leaders
**why chiefdoms go beyond tribes**
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Eating Xmas in the Kalahari
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social and material egalitarianism
Exchange
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Tricking and Tripping
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prostitution in Atlanta
Fieldwork - must provide support to subjects (buy groceries, childcare)
Ethical components (illegal activities, etc)
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Language Shapes Thought
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language influences way we perceive world
cardinal directions, linearity of time
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Race Without Color
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sexual selection to blame for skin color differences, but there are evolutionary & genetic differences
no real categories, or too many to bother
races based on lactose intolerance, geographic differences
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Arranging Marriage
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thinking anthropologically, ethnocentrism
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Lost Tribes of Amazon
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no uncontacted peoples, only people who have limited contact bc of negative history (disease)
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Brothers in arms
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identity fusion in Libyan revolutionaries
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Acephalous
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without a centralized political authority (of bands)
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Politics, wealth, subsistence, size, status of Bands?
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Politics: acephalous, consensus
Wealth: egalitarian
Subsistence: Foraging
Size: 20-50
Status: Egalitarian
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Politics, wealth, subsistence, size, status of tribes?
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Politics: consensus, big men (sodalities)
Wealth: approx egalitarian
Subsistence: forage, horticulture, pastoralism
Size: hundreds
Status: more status differentiation
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Politics, wealth, subsistence, size, status of Chiefdoms?
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Politics: chief, political authority
Wealth: some wealth differences
Subsistence: more towards agriculture
Size: thousands
Status: explicit status differences
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In a matrilineage, only the female children will inherit from the mother. True or False
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False: ALL children of FEMALES will inherit. Only females' children will pass on though
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Imagined community
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people in same community believe they are tied together, although not everyone knows each other
ex. Txgiving ties all Americans together, BBall games tie Huskies together
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ANTH 1000: FINAL