144 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
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body's maximal ability to take-up, transport, and utilize oxygen
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VO2max
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the raw amount of oxygen a body consumes
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absolute VO2max
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units for absolute VO2max
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L/min
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amount of oxygen a person consumes relative to their body weight
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relative VO2max
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units for relative VO2max
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mL/kg*min
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the 2 physiological factors that influence VO2max
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1. central component
2. peripheral component
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the maximum ability of the cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to the working muscles
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central component (cardiac output)
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the physiological component of VO2max that deals with how we transport oxygen
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central (lungs, blood, heart)
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amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute
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cardiac output (HR * SV)
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amount of times the heart beats per minute
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heart rate
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amount of blood ejected by the heart per beat
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stroke volume
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the muscle's ability to take up the oxygen and produce ATP aerobically
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peripheral component (how we utilize O2)
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what 4 areas make up the peripheral components of VO2max
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1. a-v difference
2. muscle fibers
3. capillary density
4. mitochondria
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VO2max is the gold standard for determining __________
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cardiovascular fitness
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T/F: VO2max is the greatest predictor of all causes of mortality
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true
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for every L of O2 consumed per minute, approximately ___ kcalories have been expended
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5
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the point which blood lactate suddenly rises during exercise
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lactate threshold (mmoles/L)
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_____ is the most powerful predictor of exercise capacity in elite athletes with similar VO2max values
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lactate threshold
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_______ represents the greatest work output that can be sustained over an extended period of time
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lactate threshold
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____ exponentially increases with an increasing exercise intensity
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lactate threshold
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resting lactate is measured at ___
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1-2 millimoles/L
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Factors that are responsible for there being a lactatethreshold
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1. low muscle oxygen
2. accelerated glycolysis
3. recruitment of fast-twitch fibers
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Body's 3 fuel sources
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1. carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
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body's carbohydrate fuel sources are
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1. blood glucose (stored as glycogen)
2. muscle glycogen
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body's fatty fuel source
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1. Plasma FFA (from adipose tissue lipolysis)
2. Intramuscular triglycerides
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protein fuel sources contribute only ___% of total energy production
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2%
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glucose levels need to be at ______mg/dL of blood
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70-100
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disorder classified as having blood glucose levels below 70-100mg/dL of blood
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hypoglycemic
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disorder classified as having blood glucose levels above 70-100 mg/dL
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hyperglycemic
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disorder classified as having blood glucose levels chronically at 100-125 mg/dL
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prediabetes
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2 main factors that determine fuel source used
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1. intensity
2. duration
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what is the main fuel source used for low-intensity exercise?
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fats
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low-intensity exercise is considered to be <_____% of VO2max
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30%
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high-intensity exercise is considered to be >___% of VO2max
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70%
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what is the main fuel source used for high-intensity exercise
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Carbs
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describes the shift from fat to carbohydrate metabolism as exercise intensity increases
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crossover concept
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what are the causes responsible for the shift form fat to carb metabolism as exercise intensity increases
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1. recruitment of fast muscle fibers
2. increasing blood levels of epinephrine (stimulates glycolysis)
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volume of CO2 / volume of O2 is known as
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the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
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____ is known to modify the amount of kcals expended during exercise
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type of substrate used
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RER of .7 indicates...
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100% fat utilization
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RER of .85 indicates...
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50% fat, 50% CHO utilized (cross-over)
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RER of 1.00 indicates...
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100% CHO
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type of fat used most at the lower intensity is ____
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plasma FFA (free fatty acids)
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why is there a shift from CHO to fat metabolism during prolonged exercise after 2-3 hours?
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1. reduced rates of glycolysis and pyruvate
2. increased rate of beta-ox
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the walls of the heart from outermost to innermost
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pericardium> epicardium >myocardium>endocardium
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cardiac protective sac that contains pericardial fluid
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pericardium
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outer layer of the heart is known as
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epicardium (flattened epithelial cells & CT)
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middle layer of the heart that is actually the thickest layer and is known as the cardiac muscle
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myocardium
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inner layer of the heart
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endocardium (flattened epithelial cells and CT)
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list the 4 chambers of the heart
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1. right atrium
2. left atrium
3. right ventricle
4. left ventricle
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the 2 heart valves on the right chamber of the heart
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1. tricuspid valve
2. pulmonary semilunar valve
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the 2 valves on the left chamber of the heart
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1. bicuspid valve
2. aortic semilunar vlave
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side of the heart that deals with the pulmonary circuit
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right side
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side of the heart that deals with the systemic circuit
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left side (why left wall is much thicker)
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T/F: cardiac muscle fibers are involuntary
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true
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path of action potential in the heart
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Sinoatrial node> AV node>>bundle of His>> R/L bundle branches >>purkinje fibers
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the heart's natural pacemaker
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SA node
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____ innervate the myocardium of the ventricles and trigger them to contract
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purkinje fibers
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specialized gap junctions that are located b/w individual cardiac muscle fibers and allow for the action potential to spread across the unit
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intercalated discs
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3 features that differentiate cardiac muscle from skeletal muscle
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1. involuntary
2. longer refraction period
3. more mitochondria
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the relaxation phase of the heart during which it fills with blood
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diastole
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at rest, diastole is longer than systole by _____
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2x
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the phase of the cardiac cycle in which the heart ejects blood
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systole
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T/F: as heart rate increases, the duration of cardiac cycle decreases
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true
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during exercise, ______ is 2x longer than ______-
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systole; diastole
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pathway of blood to and from the heart
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heart>>arteries>>arterioles>> capillaries >>venules>>veins
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site of nutrient exchange from blood to organs occurs at
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capillaries
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2 major arteries that supply blood to the myocardium
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left/right coronary arteries (left is bigger)
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layers of the arteries are known as
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lumen
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outermost layer of arteries composed of CT
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tunica adventitia
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contractile portion of the arteries; composed of smooth muscle
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tunica media
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increase in the diameter of the artery
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vasodilation
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decrease in the diameter of the artery
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vasoconstriction
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layer of lumen that lines the inner layer of the arteries; composed of endothelial cells
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tunica intima
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layer of lumen that contains chemicals
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tunica intima
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disease that explains the buildup of fat within the coronary arteries which occludes blood flow resulting in a heart attack
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
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hardening of the arteries that occurs with an increase in age
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arteriosclerosis
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form of arteriosclerosis in which the arteries harden due to fat build up
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arteriosclerosis
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pressure of the circulating blood against the walls of the vasculature
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blood pressure
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healthy blood pressure is considered to be..
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<= 120 (systole)/80 (diastole)
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what classifies as hypertension
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systolic over 140 mmHg
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what is the equation for blood pressure
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BP = Q (cardiac output) x TPR
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what is the equation for cardiac output
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Q= SV x HR
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what is the equation for SV
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SV= EDV-ESV
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amount of blood left in the ventricles at the very end of the diastolic phase
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End Diastolic Volume
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List the three factors affecting HR
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1. intrinsic automaticity
2. cardiovascular autonomic control
3. circulating neurohormones
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the pressure the heart faces when it contracts is known as
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TPR "afterload"
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the amount of blood the heart needs to pump to overcome rest and contract
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systolic BP
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the heart depolarizes at a rate b.w _________ bpm
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60-100 bpm
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autonomic branch of the nervous system that decreases heart activity
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parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
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AcH is released in response to which autonomic system
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parasympathetic
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autonomic branch of the nervous system that increases heart's activity
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sympathetic
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norepinephrine and epinephrine are released in response to which autonomic system
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sympathetic
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sympathetic nervous system takes over at a HR of _____ bpm
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110
|
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list the 4 factors affecting SV
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1. ventricular stretch
2. ventricular filling
3. contractility
4. afterload (arterial pressure)
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describes the positive relationship b/w ventricular stretch and stroke volume
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frank-starling law
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amount of blood that comes back to the heart from the veins
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venous return
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contraction force of the myocardium
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contractility
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List the 3 factors affecting TPR
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1. vessel length
2. blood viscosity
3. vessel diameter (greatest influence)
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what are some diseases that can affect blood viscosity
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- sickle cell anemia
- blood doping
- high bp
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during dynamic aerobic exercise, the is an increase in _____ BP only
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systolic
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during static exercise, ______ BP increases
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- diastolic
- systolic
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used to describe the central and peripheral components and how they relate to VO2max
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Fick Equation
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increased blood flow to contracting muscles occur via 2 mechanism
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1. increased cardiac output (Q)
2. redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle
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what are the 4 main principles of training
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1. overload
2. progression
3. reversibility
4. specificity
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principle of training that says the stimulus must be greater than the norm for improvements to be made
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overload
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principle of training: the overload stimulus must occur at a gradual increased of 5-10% per week
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progression
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principle of training that states: as soon as a stimulus is removed, the benefits of exercise training become lost
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reversibility
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priciple of training: the stimulus applied must be specific to the desired outcome
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specificity
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FITT guidelines that improve VO2max
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F: 3-5 times per week
I: 50-85% VO2max
T: 20-60 min
T: dynamic; large muscle groups
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T/F: there is a greater increase in VO2max for de-conditioned or diseased subjects
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true
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what is the average VO2max increase with training
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15%
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______ accounts for 40-65% of VO2max
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genetic predisposition
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_____ doesn't change much even with prolonged exercise
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Heart Rate
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3 factors that change stroke volume with training
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1. **increased end diastolic vol
2. increased contractibility
3. decreased TPR
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what factors increase end diastolic vol in the first 6 weeks of training
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1. increased plasma vol ***
2. filling time and venous return increases
3. increased ventricular vol
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what is responsible for the increased a-v difference during training
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- increase in capillary density; more blood leaving heart
- increase in mitochondrial density
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increase in the size of a cell
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hypertrophy
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increase in the cellular number
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hyperplasia
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muscle cell
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muscle fiber
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motor neuron and all the cells it innervates is known as
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motor unit
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most responsible for the initial gain in strength
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neural adaptations
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most responsible for strength gains after the first 6 weeks
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hypertrophy
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resistance training increases the ability to activate _____ motor units
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tyep 2x
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what are the 4 major neural adaptations that occur in the 1st 6 weeks of training
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1. motor unit firing is enhanced
2. neuromuscular junctions become wider/ develop more AcH receptors
3. cross-education
4. decreased antagonistic activity
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3 major muscle adaptations that occur after 6 weeks of training
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1. hypertrophy
2. increased myofibrils (actin/myosin)
3. increased sarcoplasmic content
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T/F: there is no increase in muscle fiber number when hypertrophy occurs
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true
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events within a muscle fiber that lead to hypertrophy are known as
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cellular signaling events
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3 hormones responsible for hypertrophy
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1. testosterone (lipid based)
2. IGF-1(peptide based)
3. GH (peptide based)
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how an animal regulates core body temp
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thermoregulation
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animals that have the ability to maintain a constant core body temperature
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hemotherms
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core body temperature is regulated by what organ
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hypothalamus
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what is the humans core body temp
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37 C or 98 F
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exercise increases metabolic rate and can elevate body temp to ______ F
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104
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heat transfer through radiation waves
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radiation
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the mechanism humans primarily lose heat through at resting state
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radiation
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heat transfer from surface to surface
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conduction
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heat loss through moving water or air
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convection
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the primary mechanism in which humans lose heat during exercise
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evaporation
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heat loss through sweat
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evaporation
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at rest, how much water is lost through evaporation
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1L
|
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during exercise, how much water is evaporated
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5L ( about 1L per hour)
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when athletes have 2-6% loss in body weight during a bout of exercise
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critical water loss deficit
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why is critical water loss deficit bad
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hinders performance and increases the risk of a heat illness
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KIN 492: EXAM 1