75 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
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large
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system with ___ gain is more capable of maintaining homeostasis
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pulmonary and cardiovascular
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systems that have large gains
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negative feedback
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changes back to original state
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postive feedback
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output enhances original stimulus
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oxytocin during labor
blood clotting
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examples of positive feedback
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coupled reactions
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energy given off by the exergonic reaction powers the endergonic reaction
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endergonic reaction
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standard charge in free energy is positive and energy is absorbed
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exergonic reaction
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the change in the free energy is negative (there is a net release of free energy),[1] indicating a spontaneous reaction
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catalyze
lower
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enzymes ____ and ____ chemical reactions
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kinases
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enzyme that adds a phosphate group
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dehydrogenases
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enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms
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oxidases
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enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reductions reactions involving oxygen
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isomerases
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rearrangment of the structure of molecules
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phospholipids
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fat not used as an energy source
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ADP + Pi = ATP
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synthesis of ATP
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ATP = ADP + Pi + Energy
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breakdown of ATP
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energy investment phase
energy generation phase
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two phases of glycolysis
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2 pyruvate or 2 lactate
2 ATP
2 NADH
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Name output of these during glycolysis:
1 glucose
2 ADP
2 NAD
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energy investment phase
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ATP breaks down, releases phosphate and combines with enzyme which is inactive so now it is activated
2 moles ATP required for each glucose molecule
ATP --> ADP + Pi
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energy generation phase
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steps 6-11, forms four ATP from two ATP, with a net of two ATP. This process is done twice, for each glucose molecule. for one molecule of glucose, you get 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and water. net 2 ATP, NADH
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NAD and FAD
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coenzymes that play important roles as H carriers
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pyruvate to lactate
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pyruvate is reduced to lactate during anaerobic metabolism and NADH is oxidized to NAD+ that can be used in glycolysis
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i. generation of acetyl-CoA
ii. oxidation of acetyl-CoA in Krebs
iii. oxidative phosphorylation → ATP formation in electron transport
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stages of krebs cycle
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1.Molecules in ETC pump H+ from matrix → intermembrane space
●
2.↑ [H+] in intermembrane space, so large gradient b/t intermembrane space and matrix
●
3.H+ move through ATP synthase to form ATP
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three phases of electron transport chain
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NAD
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A coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized NAD+ and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier.
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insulin
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hormone released from the pancreas that allows cells to take up glucose
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enzymes
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what allows the metabolism do be turned on or off?
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Rate limiting enzymes
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An enzyme that regulates the rate of a metabolic pathway or the slowest enzyme in the pathway
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VO2
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oxygen consumption, resting = 250mL/min
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oxygen deficit
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lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of an exercise
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increases rapidly and plateaus
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what happens to VO2 during exercise
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EPOC
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increases the most following high intensity exercises
-aids in post-exercise recovery
-may last up to a few hours after exercise has been completed
-DOES NOT decrease resting metabolic rate
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get body's oxygen levels back to normal
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why does EPOC occur?
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Lactate threshold
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Point during exercise of increasing intensity at which the rate of lactate production exceeds the rate of lactate clearance
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low intensity exercise (<30% VO2 max)
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when fats are primary fuel
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high intensity exercise (>70% max)
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carbohydrates are primary fuel
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phosphorylase
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glycogen breakdown during exercise is dependent on _____
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blood glucose
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Primary source of carbohydrate during low-intensity
exercise
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lactate
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Can be used as a fuel source by skeletal muscle
and the heart
Can be converted to glucose in the liver
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metabolism
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Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
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bioenergetics
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Converting foodstuffs (fats, proteins, carbohydrates)
into energy
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oxidation
reduction
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_____ and _____ are always coupled reactions
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reduce
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changes in pH ____ enzymes used
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2.5
1.5
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NADH produces __ ATP
FADH produces __ ATP
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electron transport chain
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results in pumping of H+
ions across inner mitochondrial membrane
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beta oxidation
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Process of
Converting Fatty Acids to Acetyl-CoA
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proprioceptors
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– Receptors that provide CNS with information about
body position
– Located in joints and muscles
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2.25 um
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maximal tension
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lowest
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The maximum velocity of shortening is greatest at
the ____ force
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higher
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At any absolute force the speed of movement is
greater in muscle with ____ percent of fast-twitch
fibers
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higher
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At any given velocity of movement, the power
generated is greater in a muscle with a ____
percent of fast-twitch fibers
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200-300
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The peak power increases with velocity up to
movement speed of ___-___degrees•second–1
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tetanus
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at this point, muscle fiber reaches peak tension development
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diastole
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– Pressure in ventricles is low
– Filling with blood from atria
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systole
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– Pressure in ventricles rises
– Blood ejected in pulmonary and systemic circulation
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Q x total peripheral resistance
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blood pressure equation
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Q= HR X SV
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cardiac output equation
Total v of blood pumped every min.
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MAP = cardiac output x total vascular resistance
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formula for mean arterial pressure
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cardiac output
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The amount of blood pumped by the heart each
minute
|
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heart rate and stroke volume
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what influences cardiac output?
|
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parasympathetic
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via vagus nerve
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sympathetic activity
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via cardiac nerves
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0.3; 0.5 seconds
0.2; 0.13 seconds
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cardiac at rest and during exercise; systole and diastole
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(1) end-diastolic volume,
(2) aortic blood pressure, and (3) the strength of
ventricular contraction.
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Stroke volume is regulated by:
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(1)venoconstriction, (2) the muscle pump, and (3) the
respiratory pump.
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Venous return increases during exercise due to:
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Greater EDV results in a more forceful contraction
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Frank-Starling mechanism
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respiratory pump
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Changes in thoracic pressure pull blood toward heart
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skeletal muscle pump
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Rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions force blood in the
extremities toward the heart
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average aortic blood pressure
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Pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood
(“afterload”)
|
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pressure/resistance
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blood flow=
|
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length × viscosity
radius4
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resistance =
|
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Q x (a-v)O2
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VO2 =
|
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ubiquitous vasoconstriction
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vasoconstriction everywhere
|
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heart rate
blood pressure
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At the same oxygen uptake, arm work results in
higher ___ ___ and ____ ____ than leg work
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Central Command Theory
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Initial signal to drive cv system adjustment during exercise comes from higher brain centers
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KIN 492: EXAM 1