GLY 101: FINAL EXAM
139 Cards in this Set
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What percent of the worlds surface is covered by oceans?
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70.8%
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What are the 5 major oceans?
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Pacific, atlantic, indian, artic, southern oceans
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How are oceanic and continental crust distributed on the earth?
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Continental is mainly in northern hemisphere
Oceanic is mainly in southern hemisphere
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What do you encounter as you move from the shore out into the deepest parts of the ocean?
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Continental shelf then continental slope then continental rise then abissal plains
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What is bathymetry?
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Describing the elevations of the ocean floor (same as topography but on ocean floor)
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What is the difference between a passive and an active coastal margin? Difference between emergent and submergent coastline?
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West coast emergent and active coastal margin, and east coast is passive margin and submergent
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Passive Margin
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far away from a plate boundary
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Active Margin
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is close to a plate boundary
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What types of landforms will you encounter along an active coast?
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Wave cut cliffs, wave cut platforms. Rocky and narrow beaches. You also see Sea arches or over time a sea stack.
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What types of landforms will you encounter along a passive margin?
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Sandy wider beaches. Barrier islands, and estuaries
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Where are passive margins found
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east coast
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Where are active margins found
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west coast
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What generates the tides on earth?
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The moon and the sun.
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What is the bulge on the earth - that faces the moon called?
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The sublunar buldge
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Spring tides
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higher than normal tides
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Neap Tides
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Lower than normal tides
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diurnal tides
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1 high tide and 1 low tide (happens in gulf of mexico)
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semi-diurnal tides
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2 high tide and 2 low tide (found on east coast)
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Mixed tial
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2 high tide and 2 low tides but their different heights (found on the west coast)
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What causes winds on earth, generally?
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Unequal heating of the earth by the sun
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What causes oceanic waves?
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wind
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What are the parts of a wave?
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Crest, trough, wave length, wave height
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How deep beneath do waves affect the water?
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½ the wave height
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Wave size depends on what 3 factors?
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Wind Speed, wind duration, fetch
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What happens to waves as they come ashore?
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The base of the wave hits the bottom and they experience friction and wave length decreases and the wave height increases
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What are the parts of a beach?
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Marsh, sand dunes, coast line, berm, shoreline, ocean beach interface, low and high tides
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What are some different types of beach material?
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black sand beaches, Quartz sand beach, Carbonate Beach
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Winter beach profile
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you see sand bars because the material from the berm is used
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Summer beach profile
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the dunes, berm, and no sand bars offshore
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What are some manmade barriers designed to prevent beach erosion?
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Seawalls, breakwaters both parallel to the shore. Jetty and groins.
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What 3 factors for beach nourishment are important to consider?
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cost, environment, sediment type
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What 2 storms precede a hurricane?
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Tropical depression and Tropical storm (39mph)
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What defines a hurricane?
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Winds exceeding 74mph
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What stage are storms named?
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Tropical storm
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What scale classifies hurricanes
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Safer Simpson Scale
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The worlds water - what % is fresh?
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2.5%
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Of that 2.5%, what percent is tied up in glaciers and ice sheets?
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68.6%
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What are the 2 basic forms of ice masses on earth?
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Glaciers and ice sheets
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Where are the two ice sheets located?
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Greenland and Anatartica
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What covers the arctic ocean? How thick, on average?
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Ice sheets 4 meters thick
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Where do glaciers move more rapidly - in the middle or along the edges?
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Middle
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What 2 erosive processes to glaciers use the gouge the landscape beneath?
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Plucking and abrasion
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What are some glacial landforms?
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U shaped valleys, cirques, troughs, arrets, truncated spur, hanging valleys, pater noster lakes, tarns, fiords, horns
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What is a basic DEPOSITIONAL glacial landform?
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Lateral Morain, Median Morain, End Morain
Ground Morain
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How many years ago was North America experiencing the last glacial maximum?
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18,000 years ago
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When the ice sheets/glaciers receded what passive margin feature along our east coast was created?
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Estuaries
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What distinctive lake feature here in the US was created by glaciation?
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Great Lakes
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What is the biggest desert?
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Antartica
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What is the driest desert?
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Atacama
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What % of earths land surface is covered by deserts?
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30%
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What are the arid regions called?
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deserts
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What are the semi arid regions called?
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steps
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What type of weathering is more dominant in arid environments?
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Mechanical weathering
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What kind of drainage do deserts have?
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interior
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How does bedload move?
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saltation
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Which of the following is transported further?
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Suspended load
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Which erosive agent is more prominent in deserts: water or wind?
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Wind
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What is desert pavement?
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Desert surface covered in rocks
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What are 2 types of wind deposits?
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Loess and dunes
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What is loess?
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a loosely compacted yellowish-gray deposit of windblown sediment of which extensive deposits occur
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What are fossils?
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The remains of a once living organisim.
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Criteria to be a fossil?
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10,000 years old
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2 basic types of fossilization?
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Body fossils and trace fossils
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5 kinds of body fossils?
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Original skeletal material, tar impregnation, amber entombment, refrigeration, mummification.
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In order for a fossil to be reserved you:
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need lack of moisture/oxygen, and rapid burial
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What geologic principle is all about fossils?
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Faunal Succession
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What is fossil range?
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The first and last appearance of the fossil
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Who is William Smith?
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Came up with biostatigraphy
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What is biostratigraphy?
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correlation of fossils using strata from rock
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Which eon has oxygen increasing?
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Proterozoic
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When do fossils - hard parts start to show up? (Which eon)
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Cambrian explosion
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What are the 3 eras in the Phanerozoic eon?
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From oldest to youngest Paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic
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What separates the three eras from each other?
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Mass extinctions
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What is the worst mass extinction?
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Between paleozoic and mesozoic
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What types of animals appear during the Paleozoic?
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First reptiles, fish, vegetation, etc
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What types of animals appear during the Mesozoic?
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Dinosaurs
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Why did the dinosaurs die?
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Either meteorite or volcanic eruptions
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What types of animals appear during the Cenozoic?
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Mammals and humans
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Oldest rocks on earth?
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zircons
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Reserves
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KNOWN - exploitable energy and mineral deposits
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Resources
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Estimated resources, but technology doesn't exist yet to remove profitably
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Mineral resources are broken into what two categories?
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Metals and Non metals
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What are the 3 types of metals mentioned?
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Native, Precious, and base metals
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What is the history of gold rushes in the US?
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Discovered in 1845 in Ca. as a "placer" deposit
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Whats the acronym for gold?
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(au)
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What the acronym for copper?
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(cu)
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Whats the acronym for lead?
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(pb)
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Whats the acronym for iron?
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(fe)
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What are some nonmetallic mineral/rock resources?
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Crush stone and dimension stone
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What is cement made from?
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Limestone and shale
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What is dimension stone?
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Granite, Marble, Limestone, Slate
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What is Quartz sand used for?
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glass
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What is Feldspar used for?
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Ceramics
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What is Calcite used for?
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tums, cleansers
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What is Gypsum used for?
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Drywall
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IF less < 100 m deep
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strip (surface) mined
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IF more > 100 m deep
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tunnel mined
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What are some environmental consequences of strip mining or tunnel mining?
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Strip mining scars the earth surface
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Excess materials from mining are called what?
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Tailings
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What is an environmental issue with excess pyrite?
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can have water run through them - producing acidic runoff
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What classifies a Nonrenewable resource?
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100s to millions of years
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What classifies a renewable resource?
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Years to decades (within a lifetime)
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Oil is less dense than what?
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water
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Natural gas is less dense than what?
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oil
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How does oil and natural gas form?
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burial/heating of dead plankton
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What substance is formed before it becomes oil?
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kerogen
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What two methods have allowed us to better access natural gas/oil in shales?
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Directional drilling and hydraulic fracturing
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What are tar sands and what substance is it composed from?
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bitumen - long molecules
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How is coal formed and what steps does it go through before it becomes anthracite coal?
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Plants - Peat - Lignite - Bituminous Coal - Anthracite Coal
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What element/isotope is generally used to produce nuclear power?
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uraninite
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What 2 things might cause a meltdown?
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Can't control reactions or Can't cool containment structure
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What are the 2 ways that solar power produces energy?
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Direct heating of water or Conversion directly to electricity
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What are some disadvantages to wind power?
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Some consider it an eyesore and May endanger bird migrations
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How is geothermal energy accessed?
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Heat from magma bodies
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What are biofuels?
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ethanol
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What is Hubbert's peak?
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The peak at which resource supplies begin to dwindle
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What are the spheres that make up the climate system?
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Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Geosphere, Biosphere, Cryosphere (ice and snow)
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How do we detect climate change?
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Historical Records, Climate Change Recorded in Glacial Ice, Tree Rings - Archives of Environmental History, Deep Sea Sediments
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What is the study of past climates?
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paleoclimatology
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What is proxy data?
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indirect evidence of climate change
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How good are historical records?
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1000 years
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What do we look at in glacial ice that tells us about past climate?
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Carbon dioxide and methane (air bubbles trapped in the ice)
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How old are some of the glacial ice cores?
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200,000 years old
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What is Dendrochronology?
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The study of tree rings
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What are Floating Chronologies?
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Tree rings NOT tied to local trees
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What are some natural causes of climate change?
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Plate Movements, Variations in Earths Orbit (eccentricity, obliquity, and precession), and Volcanic Activity
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How does plate tectonics change climate?
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Air/oceanic currents change
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What are some variations in earth's orbit that affect climate?
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eccentricity, obliquity, and precession
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What is Tambora?
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volcano is 1815
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What are some anthropogenic causes of climate change?
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Fire, overgrazing, and rising C02 levels
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What is the highest estimated change in Celsius expected by 2100?
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3.5 degrees celcius
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What is the oceanic/continental crust average composition?
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Oceanic is basalt, and continental is granite
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What did Alfred Wegener propose with evidence?
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Continental drift theory
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What are the 3 plate boundaries?
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Convergent, divergent, and transform
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What criteria defines a mineral?
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Solid, Inorganic, Naturally Occurring, Definite Chemical Composition, Definite Crystalline Structure.
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Two types of weathering?
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Chemical and mechanical
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What 3 factors result in metamorphic rocks?
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Temperature, pressure, and presence of water.
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What are the 4 volcanic forms?
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Cinder cone, composite, shield, lava domes
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What scales measure earthquakes?
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The richter scale
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GLY 101:Final Exam