GBIO 106: FINAL EXAM
123 Cards in this Set
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Dependent Variable (Response measured bald cypress survival)
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Variable you don't change
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Processes of life
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Movement, Ingestion, digestion, Respiration, excretion, and secretion
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Population
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The whole number of inhabitants occupying an area and continually being modified by increases and decreases
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Cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension, high heat of fusion, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, universal solvent
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Properties of water?
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Matter (Atom, Chair, Person)
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Anything that has weight/mass & takes up space
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Carbohydrates (polysaccharides), protein, DNA & RNA (nucleic acids)
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Major classes of organic molecules and examples
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Monomers (glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose)
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Small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers (examples)
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Polymers (glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin)
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Large compound formed from combinations of many monomers (examples)
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Liver stores Extra glucose as glycogen
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What are a couple of places where these reactions occur?
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DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein
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Tie the primary structure in with DNA & central dogma theory.
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(Nucleus: DNA > RNA > Protein) > rough ER > vesicle > golgi > vesicle > plasma membrane
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How does a cell secrete protein
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DNA contains genetic material and doesn't leave nucleus, RNA leaves nucleus and is blueprint for proteins
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Major functions of DNA & RNA?
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What is ATP? What does it take to make ATP?
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ATP is adenosine triphosphate, or potential energy
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-Active transport: ATP is used, low to high concentration gradient, ion pumps
-Passive transport: ATP is not used, concentration gradient is high to low, simple diffusion, osmosis, & facilitated diffusion
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Active transport vs passive transport
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DNA, RNA, protein, chromatin.
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What is in a nucleus?
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Osmosis
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Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through selectively permeable membrane
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Concentration gradient and Brownian motion
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What is required for diffusion to occur
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A cell needs to have more surface area than volume in order to obtain nutrients & eliminate waste efficiently with the environment
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How is surface area to volume ratio important in a cell?
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Sun > producers > 1st consumers > 2nd > 3rd > 4th > decomposers (then producers and repeat)
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Understand how to read an energy flow diagram
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10% passed through food chain listed above 90% lost as heat
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How do the laws of thermodynamics explain a food chain?
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Producers
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make their own food (algae, plants)
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Without enzymes most biochemical reactions won't take place fast enough to sustain life.
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In reality, how do enzymes help organisms
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-Temperature: an extreme temperature may denature the enzyme & cause the reaction to drop.
-pH: an extreme change in pH may denature the enzyme
-Substrate concentration: as sub con increases rxn rate increases until enzyme become saturated.
-Enzyme concentration: as enzyme con increas…
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Factors that affect enzyme activity
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Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required.
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How do enzymes work?
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Cellular respiration/glucose catabolism
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How is (C6H12O6 + 6O2 ->6CO2 + 6H2O + energy) related to respiration an exhaling?
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Fat and proteins
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What could you use for energy other than glucose?
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Different stages in cellular respiration
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Understand how Glycolysis, kreb's cycle, and the ETC work together.
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Photosynthesis & cellular respiration
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What are two ways cells trap energy?
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Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid to replenish NADP and if enough accumulates in the muscle you will get sore
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If fermentation occurs, how does it affect your cells, tissue, and body?
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Anaerobic respiration vs. aerobic respiration
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-Anaerobic: respiration without oxygen; the process uses a respiratory ETC but does not use oxygen as the electron receptors. Occurs in bacteria, yeasts, some prokaryotes, red blood cells, and muscle cells. Products: lactic acid fermentation- lactic Acid, ATP alcoholic fermentation-ethyl …
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Growth, maintenance, reproduction.
Examples: thinking, making compounds needed by cell, muscle cell contraction
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What are three major things that organisms use for energy? In addition, give at least 3 specific examples
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Blue/violet and red. Because they are the most opposite of green
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Which colors (wavelengths of light) would yield the highest photosynthetic rate in green plants? Why?
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Chlorophyll
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What is responsible for trapping light energy in cells?
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To conduct photosynthesis. It enters the plant through the stomata
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What do plants use CO2 for? How does it enter the plant?
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Photolysis & turgor pressure.
Electron acceptor
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What are two big reasons a plant need waters? Another use?
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Conversion of CO2 into organic compounds. In other words the energy of ATP and NADPH is used to form organic molecules from CO2
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What is carbon fixation and when / where does it occur?
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C3 examples
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Trees, soybeans, potatoes
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C4 examples
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Corn, sugarcane, crabgrass
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Cam plant examples
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Cactus & pineapples
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-plants store energy in the form of sugar
-sugar can be transported to other parts of the plants that don't photosynthesize (roots)
-cellular respiration to make ATP
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Why is plants sugar so important to us
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-plants use sugar to make other organic molecules (proteins, lipids) by linking carbon atoms together
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What do plants use the sugar for that they have made?
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Yes. Plants are able to utilize the energy they obtain from the sun, which allows for healthy growth and development.
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Do plants aerobically respire like us?
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Replicate DNA & divide (nucleus & cytoplasm)
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What are two main things a cell must do before making an exact copy of itself?
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Because of mitosis your cells are duplicated from your first cell (a fertilized egg)
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How can the hierarchy of life be explain through cell division? (From zygote to organism)
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Yes because our cells were duplicated from our first cell (a fertilized egg)
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Do all of the cells in your body contain the same DNA? Why?
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Mitosis: occurs in majority of body cells (somatic cells). It is when a parent cell divides to produce an identical daughter cell. Responsible for growth and maintenance.
Meiosis: a two-staged cell division that occurs in reproductive organs that produces haploid daughter cells (sex ce…
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Mitosis Vs. meiosis
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Random fertilization creates genetic variation by randomly combining a sperm and an egg.
Metaphase I creates genetic variation by the random positioning of each homologous pair of chromosomes determining which chromosome goes into each new sex cell.
Crossing over creates genetic va…
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Cross over, Metaphase I, and random fertilization are sources of genetic variation. Why?
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Alleles
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Different forms of a gene
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Homozygous
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Having the same dominant allele for a gene on both homologous chromosomes
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Heterozygous
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Having different alleles
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Locus
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A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located.
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Pairs of chromosomes that contain genes for the same traits
-cells that contain two pits of each chromosome are described as being diploid (2n)
-sex cells only have 1 of each chromosome (no pairs) & are described as being haploid (n)
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What are homologous chromosomes? How are they related to gene pairs
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Genotypes
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The particular alleles that are present for a trait
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Phenotypes
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Physical expressions of genetic trait Ratio
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Mendels 1st law
The law of segregation
For every trait there are 2 alleles and these separate and recombine randomly through inheritance
Mendels 2nd law of independent assortment
The alleles of a gene for one trait will separate independently from the alleles of a gene for another …
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Understand significant events in meiosis and how they relate to mender's laws
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Genotype and phenotype
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Understand the logic behind the crosses (what do they tell us?)
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A specific sequence of DNA on the chromosome
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What is a gene & where can they be found?
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-a protein with DNA wrapped around it
-keep DNA orderly
-mitosis, interphase
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What are chromosomes? What are their function? How and when are they replicated?
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Nondisjunction causes abnormalities and results in Down's syndrome, meta females, super males, trisomy males
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What causes chromosome abnormalities? What are some examples?
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DNA replication. When does it occur in cells? What is the outcome?
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interphase, more dna
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Incomplete Dominance
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A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles, inherited from the parents, are nether dominant not recessive. The resulting offspring has a phenotype that is a BLENDING of the parental traits
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Co-Dominance
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Situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism. SHARED DOMINANCE
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Polygenic inheritance
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Combined effect of two or more genes on a single character. MULTIPLE ALLELES
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Epistasis
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A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited.
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X-linked recessive traits
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Red-green color blindness & hemophilia A
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Pleiotropy
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A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotypes
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Pedigrees
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A chart that shows a trait in a family and how it is inherited
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Independent variable (Nutria's effect on a cypress)
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A variable you change
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Control
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Baseline for comparison
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Null hypothesis
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the independent variable does not effect the dependent variable
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Alternate hypothesis
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nutria have negative impact on cypress survival
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Ingestion
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the consumption of a substance by an organism
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Digestion
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the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body
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Respiration
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a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place with in the cells of organisms. It stores biochemical energy within adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules
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Aerobic
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Cellular energy involving oxygen
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Anaerobic
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cellular energy without oxygen
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Secretion
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a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion
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Excretion
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the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter
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Species
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lowest taxonomic tank & most basic unit
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Hydrolysis reactions
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How macromolecules broken down; To split water
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Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)
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How are macromolecules made; a chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules and covalently bonding them
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Primary structure
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The unique sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
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Energy storage
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What is ATP used for?
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It takes one phosphates to turn ADP into ATP.
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What does it take to make ATP
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Powerhouse of the cell
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Function of Mitochondria?
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Simple diffusion
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Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Facilitated diffusion
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Moves through membrane with a protein
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Temperature and pH
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What are some factors that affect osmosis and diffusion
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Consumers
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organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food
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Decomposers
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fungi and bacteria that break complex organic material into smaller molecules (bacteria, fungi)
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1st- copy its DNA
2nd- Replicate its organelles and divide its cytoplasm
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How does a cell make an exact copy of itself?
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Eukaryotic chromosomes (only visible during cell division)
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made of one long molecule of DNA wound around proteins
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23
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How many pairs of chromosomes in the body cells of humans?
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Homologous chromsomes
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pairs of chromosomes that contain genes for same traits
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Diploid
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cells that contain pairs or 2 of each chromosome
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Haploid (sex cells)
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only have 1 of each chromosome
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Mitosis
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occurs in body cells (somatic) and responsible for growth and maintenance
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Interphase (90%) and mitosis
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2 parts of the cell cycle?
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G1, synthesis, G2
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Interphase:
period of cell growth
DNA is replicated
cell prepares for mitosis
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sister chromatids
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duplicated chromosomes that consist of 1 parental strand and 1 complementary daughter strand
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Mitosis and Cytokinesis
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Cell division:
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Mitosis
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nuclear division in which chromosome numbers is maintained from one generation to the next
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
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4 phases of Mitosis
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Cytokinesis
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the division of the cell's cytoplasm
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Prophase
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spindle fibers are formed, membrane dissolves freeing duplicated chromosomes, and the spindle fibers attach to the centromere
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Metaphase
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The sis chromatids line up in the middle of the cell along the plate
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Anaphase
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Chromosomes migrate towards opposite poles of the cell
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Telophase
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Spindle apparatus begin to break, membrane reforms, chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin form
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as telophase is occurring and generally after telophase
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When does cytokinesis occur and end?
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Meiosis
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2 staged cell division that occurs in reproductive organs that produces haploid cells
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Synapsis
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the pairing of homologous chromosomes
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Metaphase I
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creates genetic variation by the random positioning of each homologous pair of chromosomes determining which chromosome goes into each new sex cell
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Random fertilization
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creates genetic variation by randomly combining a sperm and an egg
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Non-disjunction
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the failure of 1 or more pairs of chromosomes to separate during cell division
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Genetics
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the study of the patterns of inheritance
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Heredity
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The study of the passage of traits fro parents to offspring
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Genes
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specific sequences of DNA located on chromosomes
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Mendel's 1st law
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For every trait there are 2 alleles and these separate and recombine randomly through inheritance (law of segregation)
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Genotype
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the particular alleles that are present for a trait
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Phenotype
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physical expression of a trait
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Mendel's 2nd law
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Law of independent assortment; the alleles of a gene for one trait will separate independently from the alleles of a gene for another trait
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Gene linkage
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the tendency for genes to be located on the same chromosome and therefore to be inherited together
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Epistasis
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2 alleles of a gene will mask the expression of the alleles of another gene
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GBIO 106: EXAM 1