GBIO 106: EXAM 1
122 Cards in this Set
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organic
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contains carbon
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backbone
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Carbon is the ______ of life.
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H & C
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Hydrocarbons contain ___ & ___.
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Nothing can hook up like it can.
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Why is carbon so important?
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functional group
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groups of atoms that help determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of organic molecules.
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OH
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hydroxyl group; polar
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COOH
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carboxyl group
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It is an alcohol or carbohydrate.
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What does having OH in a molecule mean?
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It is an organic acid.
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What does having COOH in a molecule mean?
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CH3
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methyl group
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It is hydrophobic.
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What quality does a molecule with a methyl group have?
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Yes
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Does a polar molecule mix with water?
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No
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Does a non-polar molecule mix with water?
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Carbohydrates
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________ are organic molecules that may provide energy and structural support.
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glucose
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the most common monosaccharide in living organisms
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No; only plants
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Can we make glucose? If not, who can?
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fruit
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Where does fructose sugar come from?
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It has a different shape.
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Why do we perceive fructose as being sweeter than glucose?
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isomers
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molecules that have the same types and numbers of atoms, but different structures
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it has a hydroxyl group
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How do you know that glucose is a carbohydrate?
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RNA
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Ribose is found in _____.
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DNA
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Deoxyribose is found in _____.
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two monosaccharides covalently bonded together
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A disaccharide is ______________________.
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Sucrose (table sugar)
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glucose + fructose
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Maltose (potatoes)
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glucose + glucose
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Lactose (milk)
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glucose + galactose
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Polysaccharides
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________ are huge chains of monosaccharides.
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glycogen
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Animals store this as energy in muscles.
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extremely small
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Inorganic molecules are ____________ compared to organic molecules.
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Cellulose
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__________ is a structural polysaccharide and is the major component of plant cell walls.
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Cellulose
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__________ is the most abundant organic molecule on Earth.
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Symbiosis
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a mutual relationship between two organisms
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chitin
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What is a structural polysaccharide used to form the exoskeleton of arthropods?
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cellulose
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Chitin cannot be dissolved, just like ________.
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hydrogen
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Water has _______ bonds to hold it together.
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60% - 90%
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Living organisms are composed of _________ water.
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cohesion
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when water sticks together
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adhesion (polar bonds make is stick)
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when water sticks to other things
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high
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Water has a ____ specific heat, which means it is slow to bring in heat.
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high
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Water has a ___ heat of vaporization, which means it takes a lot to convert it to a gas.
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reluctant
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Water is _____ to change temperature.
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Ice floats because water molecules get space between them when they freeze.
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Why does ice float?
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hydrophobic
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This kind of molecule cannot be dissolved in water.
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hydrophillic
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This kind of molecule can be dissolved in water.
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solvent
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Water is the universal ______.
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True
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T of F: All polar molecules will stick to other polar molecules.
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water
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Lipids are _____-fearing.
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sucrose, lactose, maltose
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Examples of disaccharides include:
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starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen
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Examples of polysaccharides include:
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glucose, fructose, galactose
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Examples of monosaccharides include:
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Hydroxide ion (OH-) and hydrogen ion (H+)
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Ionization of water is when water breaks apart into a ________ and a ________.
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C O O H
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The more ____ ions, the more acidic.
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hydrogen ions
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Acids release ________when they dissociate.
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accept
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Bases _______ hydrogen ions.
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hydrogen ions
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The pH scale measures the concentration of _________ of a substance.
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Buffers
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______ are chemicals that minimize the fluctuation of pH by either accepting hydrogen ions or by releasing them.
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Atoms
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_____ are the basic units of matter.
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positively
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Protons are _____ charged.
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negatively
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Electrons are ______ charged.
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neutral
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Neutrons are _______.
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electron
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Which is the smallest subatomic particle?
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number of protons within an atom
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The atomic number is the ___________________.
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electrons
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In a neutral atom, the atomic number will also tell you the number of _______.
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protons + neutrons
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The atomic mass of an atom is the _____________.
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atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass
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What is an isotope?
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extra neutrons
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What makes an atom radioactive?
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2
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How many electrons do the first valence shell hold?
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normally 8
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How many electrons do subsequent valence shells hold?
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Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen
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What are the 3 types of bonds?
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transferred from atom to atom
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Ionic bonds are when electrons are _____________________.
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it gains an electron
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An ion is negative when _______________________.
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it loses an electron
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An ion is positive when _______________________.
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loses
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An ion is oxidized when it _____ an electron.
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gains
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An ion is reduced when it _____ an electron.
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shared
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Covalent bonds are when electrons are _______.
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non-polar covalent bond
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the equal sharing of electrons
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polar covalent bond
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the unequal sharing of electrons
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hydrogen; negatively charged atom of another molecule
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Hydrogen bonds are weak electrical attractions between __ and a _________________.
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water and DNA
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What are some examples of a hydrogen bond?
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1. Cells 2. DNA 3. metabolism 4. homeostasis 5. growth 6. potential to reproduce 7. evolve
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How do we know if something is alive?
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movement, ingestion, digestion, respiration, excretion, secretion
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What are the processes of life?
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cells>tissues>organs>systems>organisms>populations>ecosystem>biosphere
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What is the hierarchy of life?
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bacteria
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Microbiology is the study of ________.
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plants
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Botany is the study of ________.
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insects
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Entomology is the study of ________.
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birds
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Ornithology is the study of ________.
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fish
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Ichthyology is the study of ________.
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reptiles/amphibians
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Herpetology is the study of ________.
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ecology
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How everything reacts together is the study of ________.
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Science
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_________ is the study of natural phenomena based upon observation and experimentation.
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independent
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This variable is what you change or manipulate.
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dependent
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This variable is what you're testing
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null
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Alternative or Null hypothesis? The independent variable does not affect the dependent variable.
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alternative
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Alternative or Null hypothesis? The independent variable does affect the dependent variable.
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control
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What your experimental results are compared to
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independent
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When labeling a graph, your _________ variable goes on the bottom.
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dependent
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When labeling a graph, your _________ variable goes on the side.
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
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The most common elements in biology are:
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18.5
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Carbon is ____% of the human body.
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9.5
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Hydrogen is ____% of the human body.
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65
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Oxygen is ____% of the human body.
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3.3
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Nitrogen is ____% of the human body.
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<1
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Phosphorus is ____% of the human body.
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<1
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Sulfur is ____% of the human body.
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5-carbon sugar (house), phosphate group (pool), nitrogen base (dog house)
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What 3 different parts does a nucleotide contain?
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monomers
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Nucleotides are _________ to nucleic acids.
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the nitrogen base
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What is the functional group for a nucleotide?
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Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
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What 4 nitrogenous bases does DNA have?
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Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
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What 4 nitrogenous bases does RNA have?
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polymers
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Nucleic acids are __________ to nucleotides.
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macromolecule
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A nucleic acid is a __________.
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hydrogen
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What kind of bonds hold together DNA?
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polymer
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Is DNA a polymer or a monomer?
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DNA and RNA
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What are the 2 nucleic acids?
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no
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Are lipids macromolecules?
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hydrophobic
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Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophillic?
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it contains as many hydrogens as it can
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A fatty acid is saturated when _________________.
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there is a double bond
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A fatty acid is unsaturated when _________________.
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unstable
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A fatty acid is stable or unstable when it is unsaturated?
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they lay flat because they are not kinked
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Why are saturated fatty acids solids at room temperature?
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one double
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Mono-unsaturated means there is/are ______ bonds.
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numerous double bonds
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Poly-unsaturated means there is/are ______ bonds.
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GBIO 106: EXAM 1