B M B 251: EXAM 1
82 Cards in this Set
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Plasma membrane
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A structure that surrounds cells and certain organelles
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Cells
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The basic unit of life
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Lipids, proteins
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The plasma membrane is made of _______ and __________
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1. Prokaryotes
2. Eukaryotes
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2 kinds of cells
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Smaller, less
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Prokaryotes are _______ than eukaryotes and generally have a _________ complex internal structure
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Nucleus, membrane bound organelles
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Prokaryotes lack a _________ and ___________ _________ _____________
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1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Cytosine
4. Thymine
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All DNA is composed of these 4 nucleotides
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A + T (or U)
C + G
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Base pairings
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DNA -> RNA -> protein
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The Central Dogma
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Replication
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DNA synthesis
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Transcription
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RNA synthesis
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Translation
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Protein synthesis
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Templates polymerization
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DNA synthesis and RNA synthesis occur through _____________ __________
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1. Mitochondria
2. Chloroplasts
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2 structures that almost surely began as independent organisms
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Endosymbiosis
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A type of symbiosis in which one organism lives inside another, the two typically behaving as a single organism
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1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukaryotes
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3 branches of the tree of life
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1. Intragenic mutation
2. Gene duplication
3. DNA segment shuffling
4. Horizontal gene transfer
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4 mechanisms that drive genetic diversity
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Intragenic mutation
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Point mutation
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Gene duplication
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Repeated mutation during replication
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DNA segment shuffling
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Movement of pieces of DNA
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Horizontal gene transfer
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Genetic information brought into a cell from the outside
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1. Ionic bonds
2. Hydrogen bonds
3. van der Waals interactions
4. Hydrophobic interactions
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4 types of non covalent interactions
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1. Fatty acids
2. Amino acids
3. Carbohydrates
4. Nucleotides
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4 types of biomolecules
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100-300 daltons
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Size of micromolecules
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10,000+ daltons
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Size of macromolecules
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CH3
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Methyl
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OH
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Hydroxyl
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HO-C=O
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Carboxyl
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C=O
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Carbonyl
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NH2
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Amine
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SH
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Sulfhydryl
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PO4
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Phosphate
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Hydrophobic effect
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The tendency of nonpolar substances to aggregate in aqueous solution and exclude water molecules
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O, N, F
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Hydrogen bonds occur between hydrogen and these 3 elements
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Covalent bond > ionic bond > hydrogen bond > van der Waals attraction
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Relative strength of intermolecular forces
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Fats, lipids, membranes
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Fatty acids ->
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Proteins
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Amino acids ->
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Polysaccharides
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Carbohydrates ->
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Nucleus acids
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Nucleotides ->
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Carboxylic acids, hydrocarbon tails
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Fatty acids are _____________ _______ with long __________ ______
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Triglyceride
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Glycerol + 3 fatty acids =
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Phospholipid
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Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate =
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1. Polysaccharides
2. Proteins
3. Nucleotides
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3 major macromolecules
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Polysaccharides
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___________ are the only macromolecules that can be branched
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Condensation reactions
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Sugars polymerize via _____________ _____________
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Hydrolysis reactions
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Polysaccharides are broken down via _____________ __________
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Glycosidic bond
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A bond between 2 sugars
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Peptide bond
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A bond between 2 amino acids
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20
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# of different amino side chains
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Sugar phosphate backbone
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DNA and RNA have a __________ _________ ___________
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3'
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DNA/RNA polymerase always adds to the __ hydroxyl
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Covalent bonds
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Subunits/monomers are linked via _________ _______
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Noncovalent bonds
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Multiple macromolecules are linked via __________ ___________
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Catabolism
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The breaking down of molecules to generate chemical energy and building blocks
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Anabolism
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The consumption of building blocks and chemical energy to synthesize molecules needed by the cell
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Spontaneous
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Delta G < 0
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Non-spontaneous
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Delta G > 0
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Equilibrium
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Delta G = 0
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Non-spontaneous
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At cellular conditions, condensation reactions are ________________
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Reaction coupling
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Non-spontaneous reactions can be accomplished via __________ _________
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Spontaneous
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The removal of electrons from a molecule is usually very ___________
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1. ATP
2. NAD+ and NADP+
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2 main activate carrier molecules
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1. Charged (negative)
2. Charged (positive)
3. Uncharged polar
4. Nonpolar
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4 categories of amino acids (based on their side chains)
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Outside
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Charged and uncharged polar side chains can be found on the ___________ of the structure
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Inside
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Nonpolar side chains can be found on the __________ of the structure
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Noncovalent
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A protein's conformation is determined by ____________ interactions
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Hydrophobic effect
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The __________ _________ determines folding right off the ribosome
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Hydrophobic, hydrophilic
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Noncovalent forces generally produce a ____________ core and a ____________ surface
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1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quarernary
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4 levels of protein structure
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Primary stricture
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The amino acid sequence of a protein
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Secondary structure
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Alpha helices and beta sheets throughout the protein
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Tertiary structure
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The overall 3D structure; protein domains
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Quaternary structure
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Interactions between multiple subunits
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Protein domain
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An independently folding structure
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Local
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Alpha helices are generally ________ interactions
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Local, long distance
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Beta sheets can be _________ or ________ _______ interactions
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Laterally
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In alpha helices, the side chains protrude ___________
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Up and down
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In beta sheets, the side chains protrude _____________
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Disulfide beidges
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Polypeptide chains are linked via ________ _________
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1. A large quantity
2. Removal of all contaminants
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2 requirements for successful protein identification
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SDS-PAGE
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Gel electrophoresis for protein identification
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Size
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During electrophoresis, protein components generally separate based on their relative ________
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B M B 251: EXAM 3