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BIO 101: EXAM 1
Biology |
the study of living organisms
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characteristics of life
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1) acquire materials to produce energy
2) respond to environmental stimuli
3) maintain constant internal environment
4) contains genes
5) reproduce
6) composed of one or more cells
7)capacity to evolve
8) organized structure
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3 parts of cell theory
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1) every living organism is made up of cells
2) smallest structure with characteristics of life
3) all cells arise rom pre-existing cells
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plasma membrane
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outside covering of cells
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DNA |
the genetic code of all organisms
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Ribosomes
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produces proteins
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what are found in all cells?
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plasma membran
DNA
Ribosomes
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Prokaryotic
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i. no membrane, no nucleus, no compartments
ii. small (micrometer wide)
iii. reproduces quickly less than 25 minutes
bacteria
single celled
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eukaryotic
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i. contains a nucleus, organelles, and compartments
ii. 1000X larger
iii. reproduce through division
animal and plant cells
can live decades
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Nucleus (location)
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eukaryotic cells
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nucleus function
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contains DNA---> "brain of the cell"--> makes proteins
nucleuolus-- ribosome assembly
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Endoplasmic Recticulum (location)
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located outside of the nucleus
in eukaryotic cells
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Rough ER functions
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makes more membrane
contains ribosomes
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smooth ER functions
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detoxifies chemicals in alcohol and drugs
important in synthesis of lipids, including oils, phospholipids, and steroids
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golgi apparatus (location)
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found in most eukaryotic cells
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golgi apparatus functions
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processes proteins
"cellular post office"
recieves vesicles from ER that contian proteins and modifies those proteins
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vessicles (location)
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found in plant and animal cells and some bacteria cells
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vessicles function
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transports materials in and out of the cell and between organelles
ex. proteins, water, and waste
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lysosomes (location)
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animal cells contain lysosomes
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lysosomes functions
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break down worn out cell parts
destroy viruses and bacteria
digest large molecules and malfunctioning organelles
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mitochondria (location)
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all eukaryotic cells
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mitochondria functions
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"powerhouse of the cell"
extract energy from food molecules and stor it in the bonds of ATP
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cytoskeleton (location)
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found in eukaryotic cells
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cytoskeleton function
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shape---> provide track for organelles
aid in cellular movement
strengthen cell
cell division
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chloroplast (location)
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found in plant cells
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Chloroplast function
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site of photosynthesis
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central vacuole (location)
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plant cells and sometime in animal cells
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central vacuole function
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plant: storage, provides support
animal: storage, helps digest food
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cell wall (location)
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in only plant cells
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cell wall function
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protective layer
support
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animal cells vs. plant cells
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animal: round shape, multiple small vacuoles, only cell membrane
Plant: square shape, one large vacuole, cell membrane and cell wall
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elements
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"pure" only one type of atom
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atoms |
smallest unit of matterp---> smalles unit in an element
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molecules |
1 type of element
part of a compound
ex; H2 & O
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compounds |
combineing two differbnt elemental atoms
ex: H2O
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protons |
(+) found in nucleus
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neutrons |
(neutral) found in nucleus
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electrons
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(-) negative charge
found in electron cloud/ shells
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how to calculate the number of protons
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the atomic # is the number of protons and number of electrons`
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how to calculate the number of neutrons
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protons + neutrons = atomic mass
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how to calculate the number of electrons
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atomic # is number of electrons and protons
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How to calculate the number of electrons in each shell surrounding the nucleus
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first shell has 2e- and second and all outer shells have 8e-
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ionic bond
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mutual attraction between atoms that have gained or lost electrons---> ions of opposite charges
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covalent bonds
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electrons are shared between atoms
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polar molecules
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electrons shared not equal therefore atoms become slightly charged?
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nonpolar molecules
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electrons shared equally and pull is equal
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acid
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gives away/ contributes hydrogen ions
more H+
0-7
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base |
recieves/ accepts hydrogen ions
more OH-
7-14
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pH scale
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neural 7
0-7 acid
7-14 base
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buffer |
weak acid or base substance that is used to neutralize a substance
are important, because they control the pH tightly
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organic molecules
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contain a carbon backbone
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inorganic molecule
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molecules that do no have carbon
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monomer |
a subunit of a polymer found in organisms
bonded together by dehydration where water is lost
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polymer
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a chain of monomers
broken apart by hydrolysis where water is added
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Carbohydrates
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monomer: monosaccharides (sugar)
polymer: polysaccharide---> 3 or more sugars linked together
functions: energy storage and structure
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Lipids |
hydrophobic
monomer: fatty acid
polymer: tryglicerides
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Saturated |
when the fatty acid tails do not contain an double covalent bonds therefore have no kinks
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unsaturated |
contains multiple double covalent bonds and are kinky
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phosopholipids |
have a polar head and fatty acid tails the tails are hydrophobic and the heads are hydrophilic
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proteins |
monomer: amino acid---> linked together by dehydration (peptide bonds)
Polymer: cellulose
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primary structure
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amino acids forming polypeptide chains
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secondary stucture
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coiling or folding of chain boned with a hydrogen bond
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tertiary stucture
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3-D shape of polypeptide
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quaternary stucture
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results from association of two or more polypeptide chains
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protein functions
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structure
enzymes (responosible for chemical reactions)
receptors
transport
antibodies
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nucleic acids
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monomer: nucleotides---> composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
polymer: RNA and DNA
serve as blueprint for proteins and thus control the life of a cell
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nitrogenous bases
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Adenine
Thymine--> in RNA it is uracil
Citosine
Guanine
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DNA |
sugar: deoxyribose
nitrogenous bases: A,T, C, G
structure: double stranded helix
function: long term info storage
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RNA |
sugar: ribose
nitrogenous bases: A, U, C, G
structure: single strand
function: short term storage, production of proteins
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plasma membrane
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organize the chemical activites and provide structural order
selectively permeable- control the flow of substances into or out of a cell
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lipid bilayer
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membrane is made of this: it has a hydrophilic head and 2 hydrophobic tails
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fluid mosaic
|
proteins and other molecules embedded in a phospholipid bilayer
proteins may be interal or periperal
cholesterol is found in animal cells
|
glycocalyx
|
cell- to-cell regcognition, adhesion between cells, and reception of signal molecules
provide "cellular fingerprint"
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functinos of proteins in membrane
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enzyme
receptor for chemical messages
transport-- move substances aross the membrane
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permeability of the plasma membrane
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concentration gradient- move from high concentration to low
non charged molecules and small molecules pass right through
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passive transport
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move accross the concentration gradient
cell does no work
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facilitated diffusion
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transport proteins provide passage across the membrane
2 molecules move together across membrane
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osmosis
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diffusion of water across a membrane: moves from low solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration
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cells in isotonic solution
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animal cells: normal
plant cells: limp
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hypotonic solution
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animal cells: lysed--> cell breaking down
plant cells: turgid--> swell
osmosis: swell
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hypertonic solution
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animal cell: shriveled
plant cell: shriveled
osmosis: shrink
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active transport
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expend energy
may move against concentration gradient
ATP becomes ADP---> protein changes shape--> phospate is added back to make ATP agina and protein returns to normal shape
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exocytosis |
vesicle fuses with the membrane and expels content
|
endocytosis |
membrane encloses material from the ouside
can occur in three ways:
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receoptor- mediated endocytosis
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phagocytosis |
"cell eating"
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pinocytosis
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"cell drinking"
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receptor- mediated endocytosis
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contains a coated vesicle
|
1st law of thermodynamics
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energy can not be created or distroyed
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2nd law of thermodynamics
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as energy is converted it is inefficient and energy maybe lost
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exogernic reactions
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start off with more energy in reactiant than in product---> energy is lost
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endergonic reactions
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energy is gained
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enzyme
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funtions as a catalyst-- speeds up reaction in a cell
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thermodynamics |
field of science focussing on converting substances from one form to another
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substrates |
(reactant) tends to have a lot of energy--> fits into an active site of an enzyme
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coupled reactions
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one chemical reaction may occur to allow for another reaction ot take place
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activation energy
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in different reactions, it takes energy to get more energy. the higher the activation energy the less likely a reaction is to occur
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(protein) catalyst
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redces the amount of activation energy needed for chemical reactions to take place
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active site
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the part of an enzyme where a substrate attaches
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functions of an enzyme
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responsible for specific chemical reactions
reacts with particular substrates
provide shape
not altered in chemical reactions
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denaturation |
shape is altered
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effect of substrate concentration on reaction rate
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the reaction rate plateus
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effect of pH on reaction rate
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starts to decline after a pH7
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effect of temperature on reaction rate
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starts to decline after 40 degrees celsius
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non competitive inhibitor
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does not enter active site--> binds to enzyme elsewhere and changes the shape of the enzyme so the substrate can't attach
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competitive inhibitor
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reduces an enzymes' productivity by blocking substrates from entering the active site
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feedback inhibition
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metabolic reaction is blocked by its own product
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coenzymes |
an organic molecule serving as a cofactor
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cofactor
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a nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper funciton of an enzyme
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