View
- Term
- Definition
- Both Sides
Study
- All (113)
Shortcut Show
Next
Prev
Flip
NEU 302: EXAM 2
Neurulation: |
where the neural plate becomes the neural tube. (w/in 1 month of conception)
|
The lumen of the tube becomes the |
cerebral ventricles and the spinal canal
|
Which vitamin helps prevent birth defects? |
Folic Acid
|
Acencephaly: |
failure of the anterior end of neural tube to close
|
Spina Bifida: |
failure of the posterior end of neural tube to close.
|
Radial Glial Cells: |
neural progenitors: give rise to neurons and astrocytes.
|
Symmetrical Cell Division |
both daughter cells become radial glia cells.
|
Asymmetrical Cell Division |
one daughter cell becomes a radial glial cell, the other becomes a neural precursor cell
|
Fate of the neural precursor cell depends on: |
gene transcription, position w/in ventricular zone, and environmental niche
|
Dual Notch signaling leads to |
neural differentiation.
|
Which genes determine neuronal differentiation? |
Hes genes. Activated by NICD.
|
Hes genes upregulate |
bHLH and neuronal differentiation
|
Adult neurogenesis occurs in |
the olfactory bulbs and hippocampus
|
Where do cortical pyramidal neurons and astrocytes originate? |
In the dorsal telencephaon.
|
Where do interneurons and oligodendrocytes originate? |
In the ventral telencephalon.
|
What comes 1st in development of cortex? |
Cells migrate from the ventricular zone to form the subplate.
|
What happens 2nd in development of cortex? |
Cells that form the cortical plate/layer VI migrate through the subplate.
|
What happens 3rd in the development of cortex? |
Cells that form layer V migrate through the subplate.
|
Lissencephaly is characterized by |
Lissencephaly is characterized by |
Lissencephaly is linked to mutation in the |
DCX gene & Reelin
|
Reelin: |
a protein secreted by cells in the marginal zone. Allows for passage of radial glial cells through the subplate.
|
Cell Differentiation: |
neural precursor cell takes on the appearance and characteristic of a neuron
|
Determinants of differentiation include: |
where neuroblasts were born, spatiotemporal pattern of gene expression, signals from neighboring cells, specific inputs from sub cortical areas.
|
Netrin is a |
chemoattractant.
|
Slit is a |
chemorepellant.
|
Growth cones are found |
on the end of neurites.
|
In synapse formation |
growth cone attaches, contact recruits synaptic vesicles, and neurotransmitter receptors accumulate.
|
Necrosis: |
passive cell death, affects a group of cells
|
Apoptosis: |
active self-destruction, affects an isolated cell.
|
Trophic factors |
secreted by the target cell, picked up at the axon terminal and transported back to the cell body.
|
Neurotrophic factors regulate |
expression of genes, growth, longevity
|
2 types of trophic factor receptors: |
Trk, p75
|
p75 neurotrophic receptors aid in: |
neurite growth, cell death, and cell survival
|
Trk neurotrophic receptors aid in: |
cell survival, neurite outgrowth and differentiation, and activity-dependent plasticity
|
Hebbian Strengthining at Synapses: |
strong NMDA receptor activation recruits AMPA receptors to the dendritic spine.
|
Monocular Deprivation experiment: |
suturing one eye closed during postnatal development. Hardly any neurons respond to deprived eye in adulthood.
|
Strabismus: |
induced mis-alignment of 2 eyes during early postnatal development by cutting muscles in 1 eye.
|
What types of vision are impaired in strabismus? |
Binocular vision and depth perception are impaired.
|
Critical periods of development: |
times when experience and neural activity have maximal effect on aquisition of a particular behavior.
|
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: |
Macrophages remove debris, expression of growth genes, proliferating Schwann cells promote axon regeneration.
|
Central Nerve Regeneration: |
Oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes form a glial scar tissue.
|
Neurocrine communication involves |
synaptic transmission of neurotransmitters
|
Endocrine communication involves |
Endocrine cells releasing hormones into the bloodstream
|
Homeostasis: |
maintaining body's internal environment within a narrow physiological range.
|
Hypothalamus integrates 2 types of responses to challenges: |
somatic and visceral.
|
Magnocellular neuroendocrine cells are found in the |
Paraventricular nucleus and Supraoptic nucleus
|
Which type of hypothalamic cells control the posterior pituitary? |
Magnocellular cells.
|
Oxytocin: |
hormone in charge of lactation, bond formation.
|
Vasopressin: |
hormone in charge of blood volume, water retention.
|
Milk Letdown Reflex: |
sense from suckling sent to hypothalamus causing release of oxytocin. Acts on mammary glands to cause lactation.
|
Hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary: |
Hypothalamic hormones act on pituicytes to stimulate hormone secretion.
|
Which glands does the Anterior Pituitary affect? |
The gonads, adrenal glands, and thyroid gland.
|
How does negative feedback occur on the anterior pituitary? |
Through peripheral hormones.
|
ANS preganglionic neurons originate in: |
the spinal cord or brainstem.
|
The Sympathetic NS: |
fight or flight
|
The Parasympathetic NS: |
rest and digest
|
Acute Responses to stress involve both the |
hypothalamus and the ANS
|
HPA activation occurs through |
CRH and ACTH, slow (from the adrenal medulla).
|
Sympathetic Nervous system activation: |
increases blood flow to muscles, release of glucose, and blood pressure.
|
HPA axis activation: |
Glucose usage, protein --> glucose, liberation of fats, increase blood flow
|
What turns the stress response off? |
Negative feedback/the Parasympathetic NS
|
Symptoms of prolonged stress: |
fatigue, diabetes, hypertension, ulcers, apathy, impaired disease resistance.
|
Norepinephrine area: |
Locus Coeruleus
|
Norepinephrine is involved in: |
arousal, attention, sleep-wake cycles, mood
|
Serotonin area: |
Raphe Nuclei
|
Serotonin is involved in: |
wakefullness, sleep-wake cycles, mood.
|
Dopamine area: |
Substantia Nigra/Ventral Tegmental Area
|
Dopamine (SN): |
projects to caudate nucleus/putamin to regulate voluntary movement.
|
Dopamine (VTA): |
projects to prefrontal cortex/subcortices in reward.
|
Acetylcholine area: |
forebrain and brain stem systems.
|
Acetylcholine (Medial Septum and Basal Nucleus): |
project to hippocampus/cortex. Degenerates in Alzheimer's.
|
Acetylcholine (Pontomesencephalotegmental area): |
projects to thalamus. Regulates excitability of sensory nuclei.
|
Motivated behavior: |
driven by need/want. Can vary in intensity.
|
Humoral Response: |
hypothalamic neurosecretory cells respond by regulating release of pituitary hormones.
|
Visceromotor Response: |
hypothalamic neurons adjust the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation of organs.
|
Somatic Motor Response: |
hypothalamic neurons trigger an appropriate behavior.
|
Glucose is stored: |
in liver and skeletal muscles (glycogen) and adipose tissue (triglycerides).
|
Anabolism: |
conversion of glucose to its stored forms
|
Catabolism: |
conversion of stored forms back to glucose.
|
Leptin: |
hormonal signal (secreted by fat) that conveys info about fat stores. More fat = more leptin.
|
Where is leptin detected? |
Neurons in the arcuate nucleus.
|
Elevated leptin causes secretion of |
aMSH and CART.
|
aMSH and CART activate: |
release of TSH and ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
Also the sympathetic nervous system.
|
TSH and ACTH hormones cause |
increased metabolism.
|
aMSH and CART inhibit: |
feeding behavior by inhibition of lateral hypothalamic neurons.
|
A drop in leptin activates release of: |
NPY/AgRP.
|
NPY/AgRP inhibit: |
neurosecretory neurons that stimulate release of TSH and ACTH from anterior pituitary.
|
NPY/AgRP activate: |
the parasympathetic nervous system and feeding behaviors.
|
Orexigenic signals: |
increase drive to eat after a period of fasting.
|
Satiety signals: |
decrease the drive to eat as we consume the meal and begin digestion.
|
Cephalic phase: |
initial, anticipation of food.
|
Gastric Phase: |
stomach is filled.
|
Substrate Phase: |
nutrient absorption by the gut.
|
Orexigenic signals include: |
time of day/time since last meal, sight/smell of food, conditioned stimuli.
|
Ghrelin: |
hormone produced by stomach when empty. Activates NPY/AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus.
|
Hedonic feeding: |
we like to eat food.
|
Drive reduction feeding: |
eating reduces hunger
|
What pathway do most of addictive drugs act on? |
The Mesolimbic dopamine reward system
|
The Mesolimbic Dopamine Reward System is made up of: |
the VTA, nucleus accumbens, and the prefrontal cortex.
|
Physical drug dependence: |
biological. Develops from tolerance to drug affects = resetting of mechanisms maintaining homeostasis.
|
Withdrawal Syndromes: |
when drug administration stops and homeostasis is disrupted. Opposite to drug abuse responses.
|
The motivator for continued drug use = |
avoidance of withdrawal.
|
Coke, amphetamines and meth act on: |
exciting dopamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens.
|
Morphine, alcohol, and marijuana act on: |
inhibiting GABA neurons in the VTA.
|
Nicotine acts on: |
exciting dopamine neurons in the VTA.
|
How do drugs affect gene expression? |
Bound D1 receptor activates a G-protein cascade in which CREB causes translation/cription of a new protein (∆-FosB).
|
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): |
stimulates neural differentiation and plasticity changes.
|
Transcription factor ∆Fos-B: |
phosphorylates transcription factors, increasing gene expression and sprouting synaptic development.
|
The First-Pass effect: |
all drug dose absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is fist delivered to the liver by the portal vein. A fraction is metabolized in the liver before circulation.
|
In the first-pass affect what is reduced? |
Oral bioavailability of the drug.
|
Naloxone: |
blocks opiate receptors and reverses the effects of agonists at these receptors.
|
Primary cause of death from opiate overdose: |
respiratory depression
|
Suboxone: |
used for treatment of opiate addiction/withdrawal. (Bioprenorphine + Naloxone). |