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PGY 412: Neurological Disorders
define incidence |
the rate at which new cases occur in a population during a specified period |
define prevalence |
the proportion of a population that are cases (of a disease) at a point in time |
population of USA |
314 million |
What are the causes of neurological disorderS? |
brain injury (mechanical,stroke)
diseases (autoimmune, infectious, toxic agent)
abnormal brain development
unknown |
what part of the CNS is affected when someone has a neurological disorder? |
neurons and their structures
sensory, motor controls, cognitive and affective function |
What are the treatments and cures for neuro disorders? |
medications
surgery
support services (OT, PT, etc.) |
synonym for mental retardation |
intellectual disability |
What is the frequency of downs syndrome? |
incidence 1 in 800 live births
prevalence 400,000 people in USA |
What is the cause of downs syndrome? |
trisomy mosaic or trisomy of chromosome 21 |
what part of the CNS is affected for Downs Syndrome? |
brains are smaller |
Which brain functions are affected in Downs Syn? |
brain development and facial structure, cognitive function, IQ<70, motor system resulting in delayed childrens milestones
structure of heart
vision & eyes
short stature, obesity, early onset towards Alzheimers |
What are the treatments for downs syndrome? |
no cure |
What is the frequency of krabbe disease? |
incidence 1 in 100,000 live briths in US
prevalence 2 million people in US |
What is the cause of krabbe disease? |
genetic and herditary, single gene mutation, chromosome 14 which encodes for enzyme galactocerebrosidase which is necesssary for myelin formation around axons |
What are the effect on the CNS for krabbe disease? |
no myelin formation around axons |
Krabbe Disease: What are the functions effected? |
babies develop normally for first 2-3 months then symptoms
irritability, increased muscle tone, stiffness, loss of motor control, seizures, blindness, death age 2 |
Treatments or cures for Krabbe Disease? |
no cures, treatment- cord blood transplants = HSCT Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation |
Epilepsy: What is the frequency of this disease? |
VERY COMMON
incidence:
prevalence: almost 1% population or 2.3 million americans |
Epilepsy: What are the causes? |
injury -mechanical
genetic mutations
brain structural differences
brain tumors
multiple sclerosis |
Epilepsy: What part of the CNS is affected and functions? |
A. partial simple (focal)- specific foci, motor cortex, movement and sensory experience with no loss of consciousness
B. partial complex - temporal lobe origin, lip-smacking ,picking at clothes , not full consciousness, aura
C. Tonic Clonic - loss of consciousness, falling, inceased muscle tone, body rigid,clonic back and forth movement of all body parts, continence
D. absence generalized- abnormal activity over whole brain, |
Epilepsy: What are the treatment options? |
a. drugs
b. ketogenic diet
c. VNS
e. brain surgery to remove a "seizure focus", brain hemisphere or corpus callossum |
petit mal |
generalized structures - absence |
grand mal |
generalized structures - tonic clonic |
post-ictal period |
period between seizures |
aura |
warning to a person that a seizure is coming |