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PGY 412: Neurological Disorders

define incidence
the rate at which new cases occur in a population during a specified period
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define prevalence
the proportion of a population that are cases (of a disease) at a point in time
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population of USA
314 million
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What are the causes of neurological disorderS?
brain injury (mechanical,stroke) diseases (autoimmune, infectious, toxic agent) abnormal brain development unknown
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what part of the CNS is affected when someone has a neurological disorder?
neurons and their structures sensory, motor controls, cognitive and affective function
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What are the treatments and cures for neuro disorders?
medications surgery support services (OT, PT, etc.)
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synonym for mental retardation
intellectual disability
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What is the frequency of downs syndrome?
incidence 1 in 800 live births prevalence 400,000 people in USA
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What is the cause of downs syndrome?
trisomy mosaic or trisomy of chromosome 21
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what part of the CNS is affected for Downs Syndrome?
brains are smaller
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Which brain functions are affected in Downs Syn?
brain development and facial structure, cognitive function, IQ<70, motor system resulting in delayed childrens milestones structure of heart vision & eyes short stature, obesity, early onset towards Alzheimers
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What are the treatments for downs syndrome?
no cure
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What is the frequency of krabbe disease?
incidence 1 in 100,000 live briths in US prevalence 2 million people in US
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What is the cause of krabbe disease?
genetic and herditary, single gene mutation, chromosome 14 which encodes for enzyme galactocerebrosidase which is necesssary for myelin formation around axons
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What are the effect on the CNS for krabbe disease?
no myelin formation around axons
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Krabbe Disease: What are the functions effected?
babies develop normally for first 2-3 months then symptoms irritability, increased muscle tone, stiffness, loss of motor control, seizures, blindness, death age 2
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Treatments or cures for Krabbe Disease?
no cures, treatment- cord blood transplants = HSCT Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
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Epilepsy: What is the frequency of this disease?
VERY COMMON incidence: prevalence: almost 1% population or 2.3 million americans
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Epilepsy: What are the causes?
injury -mechanical genetic mutations brain structural differences brain tumors multiple sclerosis
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Epilepsy: What part of the CNS is affected and functions?
A. partial simple (focal)- specific foci, motor cortex, movement and sensory experience with no loss of consciousness B. partial complex - temporal lobe origin, lip-smacking ,picking at clothes , not full consciousness, aura C. Tonic Clonic - loss of consciousness, falling, inceased muscle tone, body rigid,clonic back and forth movement of all body parts, continence D. absence generalized- abnormal activity over whole brain,
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Epilepsy: What are the treatment options?
a. drugs b. ketogenic diet c. VNS e. brain surgery to remove a "seizure focus", brain hemisphere or corpus callossum
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petit mal
generalized structures - absence
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grand mal
generalized structures - tonic clonic
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post-ictal period
period between seizures
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aura
warning to a person that a seizure is coming
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