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GEOG 1982: EXAM 1
Time-Space Convergence |
the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs |
Accessibility |
the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location, in relation to other locations. |
Distance-Decay Function |
the rate at which a particular activity or phenomenon diminishes with increasing distance |
formal regions |
groups of areal units that have a high degree of homogeneity in terms of particular distinguishing features |
geodemographic research |
uses census data and commercial data about the populations of small districts in creating profiles of those populations for market research |
Global Positioning System (GPS) |
a system of satellites which orbit Earth on precisely predictable paths, broadcasting highly accurate time and locational information |
social relations |
patters of interaction among family members, at work, in social life, in leisure activities and in political activity |
human geography |
deals with the spatial organization of human activities and with people's relationships to their environment |
infrastructure |
fixed social capitals of society and includes things like roads, highways and schools |
region |
territories that encompass many places, all or most of which share attributes different from the attributes of places elsewhere |
globalization |
the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political and cultural change |
regionalization |
with individual places or areal units being the objects of classification |
irredentism |
the assertion by a government of a country that a minority living outside its formal borders belong to it historically and culturally |
sense of place |
the feelings evoked among people as a result of the experiences and memories they associate with a place and the symbolism they attach to that place |
cognitive distance |
the distance that people perceive to exist in a given situation |
identity |
the sense that they make of themselves through their subjective feelings based on their everyday experiences and wider social relations |
places |
specific geographic settings with distinctive physical, social and cultural attributes |
world regions |
large scale geographic divisions based on continental and physiographic settings that contain major groupings of peoples with broadly similar cultural attributes |
states |
independent political units with territorial boundaries that are recognized by other states. |
de jure |
legally recognized |
supranational organizations |
collections of individual states with a common goal that may be economic and/or political in nature and that diminish individual state sovereignty in favor of the group interests of the membership |
neoliberal policies |
economic policies that are predicated on a minimalist role for the state, assuming the desirability of free markets as the ideal condition not only for economic organization but also for political and social life |
sustainability |
the interdependence of the economy, the environment and social well being |
pandemic |
an epidemic that spreads rapidly around the world with high rates of illness and death |
capitalism |
a form of economic and social organization characterized by the profit motive and the control of the means of production, distribution and exchange of goods by private ownership |
risk society |
the significance of wealth distribution is being eclipsed by the distribution of risk and in which politics is increasingly about avoiding hazards |
physical geography |
deals with Earth's natural processes and their outcomes |
regional geography |
combines elements of both physical and human geography |
remote sensing |
the collection of information about parts of Earth's surface by means of aerial photography or satellite imagery designed to record data on visible, infrared and microwave sensor systems. |
Geographic Information System (GIS) |
GIS systems involve an organized set of computer hardware, software and spatially coded data that is designed to capture, store, update, manipulate and display geographically referenced information |
spatial analysis |
the study of many geographic phenomena can be approached in terms of their arrangement as points, lines, areas or surfaces on a map |
latitude |
the angular distance of a point on Earth's surface, measured in degrees, minutes and seconds North or South from the equator, which is assigned a value of 0 |
longitude |
the angular distance of a point on Earth's surface, measured in degrees, minutes and seconds East or West from the prime meridian ( the line that passes through both poles and England, assigned value is 0) |
site |
physical attributes of a location |
situation |
the location of a place relative to other places and human activities |
cognitive images |
psychological representations of locations that spring from people's individual ideas and impressions of these locations |
friction of distance |
a reflection of the time and cost of overcoming distance |
utility |
the utility of a specific place or location refers to its usefulness to a particular person or group |
cognitive space |
defined and measured in terms of people's values, feelings, beliefs and perceptions about locations, districts and regions |
spatial interaction |
as shorthand for all kinds of movement and flows involving human activity |
economies of scale |
cost advantages to manufacturers that accrue from high volume production, since the average cost of production falls with increasing output |
time-space convergence |
the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs |
spatial diffusion |
the way that things spread through space and over time |
functional regions |
regions within which, while there may be some variability in certain attributes
|
regionalism |
a term used to describe situations in which different religious or ethnic groups with distinctive identities coexist within the same state boundaries, often concentrated within a particular region and sharing strong feelings of collective identity |
sectionalism |
if such feelings develop into an extreme devotion to regional interests and customs (in regards to regionalism) |
ordinary landscapes |
the everyday landscapes that people create in the course of their lives together |
symbolic landscapes |
represent particular values or aspirations that the builders and financiers of those landscapes want to impart to a larger public |
lifeworld |
the taken for granted pattern and context for everyday living though which people conduct their day to day lives without having to make it an object of conscious attention |
intersubjectivity |
shared meanings that are derived from the lived experience of every day practice |
geographical imagination |
allows us to understand changing patterns, processes and relationships among people, places and regions |
minisystem |
a society with a single cultural base and a reciprocal social economy |
slash-and-burn |
plants are harvested close to the ground, the stubble left to dry for a period, then ignited, the burned stubble providing fertilizer for the soil |
hearth areas |
geographic settings where new practices have developed and from which they have subsequently spread
major hearth regions:
middle east
south asia
china
americas |
world system |
an interdependent system of countries linked by political and economic competition |
world empire |
a group of mini systems that have been absorbed into a common political system while retaining their fundamental cultural differences |
colonization |
the physical settlement in a new territory of people from a colonizing state |
law of diminishing returns |
the law refers to the tendency for productivity to decline after a certain point with the continued addition of capital and/or labor to a given resource base |
hinterland |
the sphere of economic influence of a town or city |
external arenas |
regions not yet absorbed into the world system |
plantations |
large landholdings that usually specialize in the production of one particular crop for market |
cartography |
makes distinctive visual representation of Earth's surface in the form of maps (practical and theoretical knowledge) |
import substitution |
copying and making goods perviously available only by trading |
imperialism |
power and economic influence by powerful states in order to advance and secure their national interests |
core regions |
those that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified communities |
colonialism |
the establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by a state over a separate and alien society |
peripheral regions |
dependent and disadvantageous trading relationships, by primitive or obsolescent technologies, and by undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity |
semi-peripheral regions |
able to exploit peripheral regions but are themselves exploited and dominated by core regions |
leadership cycles |
periods of international power established by individual states through economic, political, and military competition |
hegemony |
refers to domination over the world economy, exercised by one national state in a particular historical epoch |
technology systems |
clusters of interrelated energy, transportation, and production technologies that dominate economic activity for several decades at a time-- until a new cluster of improved technologies evolves |
neocolonialism |
economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas of people |
transnational corporations |
have investments and activities that span international boundaries, with subsidiary companies, factories, or facilities in several countries |
commodity chains |
networks of labor and production processes that originate in the extraction or production of raw materials and whose end result is the delivery and consumption of a finished commodity |
undernutrition |
underweight for ones age, too short for age, dangerously thin, and deficient in vitamins in minerals |
demography |
the study of the characteristics of human populations is an interdisciplinary undertaking |
census |
a straightforward count of the number of people in a country, region, or city. |
vital records |
report births, deaths, marriages, divorces and include the incidents of certain infectious diseases |
crude density |
the total number of people divided by the total land area |
nutritional density |
the ratio between the total population and the amount of land under cultivation in a given unit area |
agricultural density |
the ratio between the number of agriculturists per unit of farmable land in a specific area |
baby boom |
people born between 1946-1964 |
geodemographic analysis |
assessing the location and composition or particular populations |
age-sex pyramid |
a representation of the population based on its composition according to age and sex. A bar graph is displayed horizontally. boys left, girls right, youngest at bottom, oldest at top |
cohort |
a group of individuals who share a common temporal demographic experience |
dependency ratio |
a measure of the economic impact of the young and the old on the more economically productive members of the population |
youth cohort |
members of the population who are les than 15 and are generally considered to be too young to be fully active in the work field |
middle cohort |
members of the population 15-64 who are considered economically active and productive |
old age cohort |
members of the population 65+ who are considered beyond their economically active and productive years |
crude birth rate |
the ratio of the number of live births in a single year for every thousand people in the population |
total fertility rate |
measure of the average number of children a woman can have throughout the years that demographers have identified as her child bearing years (15-49) |
doubling time |
a measure how long it would take the population of an area to grow to twice its current size |
crude death rate |
the ratio of the number of deaths in one year to every thousand people in the population |
natural increase |
the surplus of births over deaths |
natural decrease |
the deficit of births relative to deaths |
infant mortality rate |
anual number of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age compared to the total number of live births for the same year |
life expectancy |
average number of years an infant newborn can expect to live |
medical geography |
subarea of the discipline that specialize in understanding the spatial aspects of health and illness |
demographic transition |
a model of population change in which high birth and death rates are replaced by low birth and death rates |
mobility |
the ability to move from one place to another, either permanently or temporary |
migration |
long distance move to a new location. permanently or temporary |
emigration |
moving FROM a location |
immigration |
moving TO a location |
international migration |
moving from one country to another |
internal migration |
moving within the country |
gross migration |
the total number of migrants moving into and out of a place or region |
net migration |
the gain or loss in the total population of that area as a result of the migration |
push factors |
events and conditions that impel and individual to move from a locationpull factors |
pull factors |
fors of attraction that influence migrants to move to a particular location |
voluntary migration |
the individual chose to move |
forced migration |
here migration occurs against the individuals will, push factors |
refugee |
individuals who cross national boundaries to seek safety and asylum |
internally displaced persons |
the number of individuals who are uprooted within the boundaries of their own country because of conflict or human rights abuse |
guest workers |
people who migrate temporarily to take up jobs in other countries |
transnational migrants |
they set up homes and/or work in more than one nation state |
suburbanization |
the growth of population along the fringes of large metropolitan areas |
eco migration |
population movement caused by the degradation of land and essential natural resources |
population policy |
an official government strategy designed to affect any or al of several objectives, including the size, composition and distribution the the population |
virtual water |
the water embedded in the food or the other products we consume |
society |
the sum of inventions, institutions and relationships created and reproduced by human beings across particular places and times |
nature |
a social creation as much as it is the physical universe that includes human beings |
technology |
physical objects or artifacts, activities or processes, knowledge or know-how |
I=PAT |
impact, population, affluence, technology |
cultural ecology |
the study how human society has adapted to environmental challenges such as aridity and steep slopes though technologies |
romanticism |
the philosophy that emphasized that interdependence of human and nature |
transcendentalism |
a branch of American romanticism |
conservation |
natural resources should be used wisely |
preservation |
advocates that certain habitats, species and resources should remain off limits to humans |
environmental ethics |
a philosophical perspective that prescribes moral principles as guidance for out treatment of nature |
ecofeminism |
patriarch at the center of our present environmental malaise |
deep ecology |
an approach to nature revolving around two key components: self realization and biospherical egalitarianism |
environmental justice |
movement reflecting a growing political consciousness, largely among the worlds poor, that their immediate environs are far more toxic than those in wealthier neighborhoods |
paleolithic period |
a cultural period also known as the Early Stone age, because this was the period when chipped stone tools were first used |
clovis point |
a flaked, bifaced projectile whose length is twice its width |
ecosystem |
a community of different species interacting with each other and with the larger physical environment that surrounds it |
siltation |
the build up of sand and clay in a natural or artificial waterway |
deforestation |
removal of trees from forests and not replanting |
virgin soil epidemics |
where the population at risk has no natural immunity or previous exposures to the disease within the lifetime of the oldest member in the group |
colombian world exchange |
the interaction between the old world and the new world initiated by the voyage of Columbus, and diseases were brought over |
demographic collapse |
the phenomenon of near genocide of native populations |
ecological imperialism |
the introduction of exotic plants and animals into new ecosystems |
acid rain |
the wet deposition of acids upon Earth through the natural cleansing properties of the atmosphere |
fuel cell |
converts chemical energy directly into electricity |
desertification |
the spread of desert conditions resulting from deforestation, overgrazing and poor agricultural practices, as well as reduced rainfall associated with climate change |
global change |
describes the combination of political, economic, social, historical and environmental problems with which human beings across Earth must currently contend |