GEOG 1982: EXAM 1
145 Cards in this Set
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Time-Space Convergence
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the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs
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Accessibility
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the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location, in relation to other locations.
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Distance-Decay Function
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the rate at which a particular activity or phenomenon diminishes with increasing distance
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formal regions
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groups of areal units that have a high degree of homogeneity in terms of particular distinguishing features
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geodemographic research
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uses census data and commercial data about the populations of small districts in creating profiles of those populations for market research
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Global Positioning System (GPS)
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a system of satellites which orbit Earth on precisely predictable paths, broadcasting highly accurate time and locational information
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social relations
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patters of interaction among family members, at work, in social life, in leisure activities and in political activity
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human geography
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deals with the spatial organization of human activities and with people's relationships to their environment
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infrastructure
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fixed social capitals of society and includes things like roads, highways and schools
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region
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territories that encompass many places, all or most of which share attributes different from the attributes of places elsewhere
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globalization
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the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political and cultural change
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regionalization
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with individual places or areal units being the objects of classification
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irredentism
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the assertion by a government of a country that a minority living outside its formal borders belong to it historically and culturally
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sense of place
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the feelings evoked among people as a result of the experiences and memories they associate with a place and the symbolism they attach to that place
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cognitive distance
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the distance that people perceive to exist in a given situation
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identity
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the sense that they make of themselves through their subjective feelings based on their everyday experiences and wider social relations
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places
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specific geographic settings with distinctive physical, social and cultural attributes
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world regions
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large scale geographic divisions based on continental and physiographic settings that contain major groupings of peoples with broadly similar cultural attributes
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states
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independent political units with territorial boundaries that are recognized by other states.
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de jure
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legally recognized
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supranational organizations
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collections of individual states with a common goal that may be economic and/or political in nature and that diminish individual state sovereignty in favor of the group interests of the membership
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neoliberal policies
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economic policies that are predicated on a minimalist role for the state, assuming the desirability of free markets as the ideal condition not only for economic organization but also for political and social life
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sustainability
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the interdependence of the economy, the environment and social well being
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pandemic
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an epidemic that spreads rapidly around the world with high rates of illness and death
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capitalism
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a form of economic and social organization characterized by the profit motive and the control of the means of production, distribution and exchange of goods by private ownership
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risk society
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the significance of wealth distribution is being eclipsed by the distribution of risk and in which politics is increasingly about avoiding hazards
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physical geography
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deals with Earth's natural processes and their outcomes
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regional geography
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combines elements of both physical and human geography
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remote sensing
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the collection of information about parts of Earth's surface by means of aerial photography or satellite imagery designed to record data on visible, infrared and microwave sensor systems.
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Geographic Information System (GIS)
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GIS systems involve an organized set of computer hardware, software and spatially coded data that is designed to capture, store, update, manipulate and display geographically referenced information
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spatial analysis
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the study of many geographic phenomena can be approached in terms of their arrangement as points, lines, areas or surfaces on a map
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latitude
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the angular distance of a point on Earth's surface, measured in degrees, minutes and seconds North or South from the equator, which is assigned a value of 0
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longitude
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the angular distance of a point on Earth's surface, measured in degrees, minutes and seconds East or West from the prime meridian ( the line that passes through both poles and England, assigned value is 0)
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site
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physical attributes of a location
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situation
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the location of a place relative to other places and human activities
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cognitive images
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psychological representations of locations that spring from people's individual ideas and impressions of these locations
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friction of distance
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a reflection of the time and cost of overcoming distance
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utility
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the utility of a specific place or location refers to its usefulness to a particular person or group
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cognitive space
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defined and measured in terms of people's values, feelings, beliefs and perceptions about locations, districts and regions
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spatial interaction
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as shorthand for all kinds of movement and flows involving human activity
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economies of scale
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cost advantages to manufacturers that accrue from high volume production, since the average cost of production falls with increasing output
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time-space convergence
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the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs
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spatial diffusion
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the way that things spread through space and over time
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functional regions
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regions within which, while there may be some variability in certain attributes
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regionalism
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a term used to describe situations in which different religious or ethnic groups with distinctive identities coexist within the same state boundaries, often concentrated within a particular region and sharing strong feelings of collective identity
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sectionalism
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if such feelings develop into an extreme devotion to regional interests and customs (in regards to regionalism)
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ordinary landscapes
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the everyday landscapes that people create in the course of their lives together
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symbolic landscapes
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represent particular values or aspirations that the builders and financiers of those landscapes want to impart to a larger public
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lifeworld
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the taken for granted pattern and context for everyday living though which people conduct their day to day lives without having to make it an object of conscious attention
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intersubjectivity
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shared meanings that are derived from the lived experience of every day practice
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geographical imagination
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allows us to understand changing patterns, processes and relationships among people, places and regions
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minisystem
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a society with a single cultural base and a reciprocal social economy
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slash-and-burn
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plants are harvested close to the ground, the stubble left to dry for a period, then ignited, the burned stubble providing fertilizer for the soil
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hearth areas
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geographic settings where new practices have developed and from which they have subsequently spread
major hearth regions:
middle east
south asia
china
americas
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world system
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an interdependent system of countries linked by political and economic competition
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world empire
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a group of mini systems that have been absorbed into a common political system while retaining their fundamental cultural differences
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colonization
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the physical settlement in a new territory of people from a colonizing state
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law of diminishing returns
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the law refers to the tendency for productivity to decline after a certain point with the continued addition of capital and/or labor to a given resource base
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hinterland
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the sphere of economic influence of a town or city
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external arenas
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regions not yet absorbed into the world system
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plantations
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large landholdings that usually specialize in the production of one particular crop for market
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cartography
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makes distinctive visual representation of Earth's surface in the form of maps (practical and theoretical knowledge)
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import substitution
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copying and making goods perviously available only by trading
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imperialism
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power and economic influence by powerful states in order to advance and secure their national interests
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core regions
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those that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified communities
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colonialism
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the establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by a state over a separate and alien society
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peripheral regions
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dependent and disadvantageous trading relationships, by primitive or obsolescent technologies, and by undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity
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semi-peripheral regions
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able to exploit peripheral regions but are themselves exploited and dominated by core regions
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leadership cycles
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periods of international power established by individual states through economic, political, and military competition
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hegemony
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refers to domination over the world economy, exercised by one national state in a particular historical epoch
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technology systems
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clusters of interrelated energy, transportation, and production technologies that dominate economic activity for several decades at a time-- until a new cluster of improved technologies evolves
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neocolonialism
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economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas of people
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transnational corporations
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have investments and activities that span international boundaries, with subsidiary companies, factories, or facilities in several countries
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commodity chains
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networks of labor and production processes that originate in the extraction or production of raw materials and whose end result is the delivery and consumption of a finished commodity
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undernutrition
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underweight for ones age, too short for age, dangerously thin, and deficient in vitamins in minerals
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demography
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the study of the characteristics of human populations is an interdisciplinary undertaking
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census
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a straightforward count of the number of people in a country, region, or city.
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vital records
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report births, deaths, marriages, divorces and include the incidents of certain infectious diseases
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crude density
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the total number of people divided by the total land area
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nutritional density
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the ratio between the total population and the amount of land under cultivation in a given unit area
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agricultural density
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the ratio between the number of agriculturists per unit of farmable land in a specific area
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baby boom
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people born between 1946-1964
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geodemographic analysis
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assessing the location and composition or particular populations
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age-sex pyramid
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a representation of the population based on its composition according to age and sex. A bar graph is displayed horizontally. boys left, girls right, youngest at bottom, oldest at top
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cohort
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a group of individuals who share a common temporal demographic experience
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dependency ratio
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a measure of the economic impact of the young and the old on the more economically productive members of the population
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youth cohort
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members of the population who are les than 15 and are generally considered to be too young to be fully active in the work field
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middle cohort
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members of the population 15-64 who are considered economically active and productive
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old age cohort
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members of the population 65+ who are considered beyond their economically active and productive years
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crude birth rate
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the ratio of the number of live births in a single year for every thousand people in the population
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total fertility rate
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measure of the average number of children a woman can have throughout the years that demographers have identified as her child bearing years (15-49)
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doubling time
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a measure how long it would take the population of an area to grow to twice its current size
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crude death rate
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the ratio of the number of deaths in one year to every thousand people in the population
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natural increase
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the surplus of births over deaths
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natural decrease
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the deficit of births relative to deaths
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infant mortality rate
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anual number of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age compared to the total number of live births for the same year
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life expectancy
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average number of years an infant newborn can expect to live
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medical geography
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subarea of the discipline that specialize in understanding the spatial aspects of health and illness
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demographic transition
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a model of population change in which high birth and death rates are replaced by low birth and death rates
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mobility
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the ability to move from one place to another, either permanently or temporary
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migration
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long distance move to a new location. permanently or temporary
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emigration
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moving FROM a location
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immigration
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moving TO a location
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international migration
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moving from one country to another
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internal migration
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moving within the country
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gross migration
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the total number of migrants moving into and out of a place or region
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net migration
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the gain or loss in the total population of that area as a result of the migration
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push factors
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events and conditions that impel and individual to move from a locationpull factors
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pull factors
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fors of attraction that influence migrants to move to a particular location
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voluntary migration
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the individual chose to move
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forced migration
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here migration occurs against the individuals will, push factors
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refugee
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individuals who cross national boundaries to seek safety and asylum
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internally displaced persons
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the number of individuals who are uprooted within the boundaries of their own country because of conflict or human rights abuse
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guest workers
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people who migrate temporarily to take up jobs in other countries
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transnational migrants
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they set up homes and/or work in more than one nation state
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suburbanization
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the growth of population along the fringes of large metropolitan areas
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eco migration
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population movement caused by the degradation of land and essential natural resources
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population policy
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an official government strategy designed to affect any or al of several objectives, including the size, composition and distribution the the population
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virtual water
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the water embedded in the food or the other products we consume
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society
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the sum of inventions, institutions and relationships created and reproduced by human beings across particular places and times
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nature
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a social creation as much as it is the physical universe that includes human beings
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technology
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physical objects or artifacts, activities or processes, knowledge or know-how
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I=PAT
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impact, population, affluence, technology
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cultural ecology
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the study how human society has adapted to environmental challenges such as aridity and steep slopes though technologies
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romanticism
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the philosophy that emphasized that interdependence of human and nature
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transcendentalism
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a branch of American romanticism
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conservation
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natural resources should be used wisely
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preservation
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advocates that certain habitats, species and resources should remain off limits to humans
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environmental ethics
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a philosophical perspective that prescribes moral principles as guidance for out treatment of nature
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ecofeminism
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patriarch at the center of our present environmental malaise
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deep ecology
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an approach to nature revolving around two key components: self realization and biospherical egalitarianism
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environmental justice
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movement reflecting a growing political consciousness, largely among the worlds poor, that their immediate environs are far more toxic than those in wealthier neighborhoods
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paleolithic period
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a cultural period also known as the Early Stone age, because this was the period when chipped stone tools were first used
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clovis point
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a flaked, bifaced projectile whose length is twice its width
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ecosystem
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a community of different species interacting with each other and with the larger physical environment that surrounds it
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siltation
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the build up of sand and clay in a natural or artificial waterway
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deforestation
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removal of trees from forests and not replanting
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virgin soil epidemics
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where the population at risk has no natural immunity or previous exposures to the disease within the lifetime of the oldest member in the group
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colombian world exchange
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the interaction between the old world and the new world initiated by the voyage of Columbus, and diseases were brought over
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demographic collapse
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the phenomenon of near genocide of native populations
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ecological imperialism
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the introduction of exotic plants and animals into new ecosystems
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acid rain
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the wet deposition of acids upon Earth through the natural cleansing properties of the atmosphere
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fuel cell
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converts chemical energy directly into electricity
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desertification
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the spread of desert conditions resulting from deforestation, overgrazing and poor agricultural practices, as well as reduced rainfall associated with climate change
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global change
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describes the combination of political, economic, social, historical and environmental problems with which human beings across Earth must currently contend
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