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Time-Space Convergence
the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs
Accessibility
the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location, in relation to other locations.
Distance-Decay Function
the rate at which a particular activity or phenomenon diminishes with increasing distance
formal regions
groups of areal units that have a high degree of homogeneity in terms of particular distinguishing features
geodemographic research
uses census data and commercial data about the populations of small districts in creating profiles of those populations for market research
Global Positioning System (GPS)
a system of satellites which orbit Earth on precisely predictable paths, broadcasting highly accurate time and locational information
social relations
patters of interaction among family members, at work, in social life, in leisure activities and in political activity
human geography
deals with the spatial organization of human activities and with people's relationships to their environment
infrastructure
fixed social capitals of society and includes things like roads, highways and schools
region
territories that encompass many places, all or most of which share attributes different from the attributes of places elsewhere
globalization
the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political and cultural change
regionalization
with individual places or areal units being the objects of classification
irredentism
the assertion by a government of a country that a minority living outside its formal borders belong to it historically and culturally
sense of place
the feelings evoked among people as a result of the experiences and memories they associate with a place and the symbolism they attach to that place
cognitive distance
the distance that people perceive to exist in a given situation
identity
the sense that they make of themselves through their subjective feelings based on their everyday experiences and wider social relations
places
specific geographic settings with distinctive physical, social and cultural attributes
world regions
large scale geographic divisions based on continental and physiographic settings that contain major groupings of peoples with broadly similar cultural attributes
states
independent political units with territorial boundaries that are recognized by other states.
de jure
legally recognized
supranational organizations
collections of individual states with a common goal that may be economic and/or political in nature and that diminish individual state sovereignty in favor of the group interests of the membership
neoliberal policies
economic policies that are predicated on a minimalist role for the state, assuming the desirability of free markets as the ideal condition not only for economic organization but also for political and social life
sustainability
the interdependence of the economy, the environment and social well being
pandemic
an epidemic that spreads rapidly around the world with high rates of illness and death
capitalism
a form of economic and social organization characterized by the profit motive and the control of the means of production, distribution and exchange of goods by private ownership
risk society
the significance of wealth distribution is being eclipsed by the distribution of risk and in which politics is increasingly about avoiding hazards
physical geography
deals with Earth's natural processes and their outcomes
regional geography
combines elements of both physical and human geography
remote sensing
the collection of information about parts of Earth's surface by means of aerial photography or satellite imagery designed to record data on visible, infrared and microwave sensor systems.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
GIS systems involve an organized set of computer hardware, software and spatially coded data that is designed to capture, store, update, manipulate and display geographically referenced information
spatial analysis
the study of many geographic phenomena can be approached in terms of their arrangement as points, lines, areas or surfaces on a map
latitude
the angular distance of a point on Earth's surface, measured in degrees, minutes and seconds North or South from the equator, which is assigned a value of 0
longitude
the angular distance of a point on Earth's surface, measured in degrees, minutes and seconds East or West from the prime meridian ( the line that passes through both poles and England, assigned value is 0)
site
physical attributes of a location
situation
the location of a place relative to other places and human activities
cognitive images
psychological representations of locations that spring from people's individual ideas and impressions of these locations
friction of distance
a reflection of the time and cost of overcoming distance
utility
the utility of a specific place or location refers to its usefulness to a particular person or group
cognitive space
defined and measured in terms of people's values, feelings, beliefs and perceptions about locations, districts and regions
spatial interaction
as shorthand for all kinds of movement and flows involving human activity
economies of scale
cost advantages to manufacturers that accrue from high volume production, since the average cost of production falls with increasing output
time-space convergence
the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs
spatial diffusion
the way that things spread through space and over time
functional regions
regions within which, while there may be some variability in certain attributes
regionalism
a term used to describe situations in which different religious or ethnic groups with distinctive identities coexist within the same state boundaries, often concentrated within a particular region and sharing strong feelings of collective identity
sectionalism
if such feelings develop into an extreme devotion to regional interests and customs (in regards to regionalism)
ordinary landscapes
the everyday landscapes that people create in the course of their lives together
symbolic landscapes
represent particular values or aspirations that the builders and financiers of those landscapes want to impart to a larger public
lifeworld
the taken for granted pattern and context for everyday living though which people conduct their day to day lives without having to make it an object of conscious attention
intersubjectivity
shared meanings that are derived from the lived experience of every day practice
geographical imagination
allows us to understand changing patterns, processes and relationships among people, places and regions
minisystem
a society with a single cultural base and a reciprocal social economy
slash-and-burn
plants are harvested close to the ground, the stubble left to dry for a period, then ignited, the burned stubble providing fertilizer for the soil
hearth areas
geographic settings where new practices have developed and from which they have subsequently spread major hearth regions: middle east south asia china americas
world system
an interdependent system of countries linked by political and economic competition
world empire
a group of mini systems that have been absorbed into a common political system while retaining their fundamental cultural differences
colonization
the physical settlement in a new territory of people from a colonizing state
law of diminishing returns
the law refers to the tendency for productivity to decline after a certain point with the continued addition of capital and/or labor to a given resource base
hinterland
the sphere of economic influence of a town or city
external arenas
regions not yet absorbed into the world system
plantations
large landholdings that usually specialize in the production of one particular crop for market
cartography
makes distinctive visual representation of Earth's surface in the form of maps (practical and theoretical knowledge)
import substitution
copying and making goods perviously available only by trading
imperialism
power and economic influence by powerful states in order to advance and secure their national interests
core regions
those that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified communities
colonialism
the establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by a state over a separate and alien society
peripheral regions
dependent and disadvantageous trading relationships, by primitive or obsolescent technologies, and by undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity
semi-peripheral regions
able to exploit peripheral regions but are themselves exploited and dominated by core regions
leadership cycles
periods of international power established by individual states through economic, political, and military competition
hegemony
refers to domination over the world economy, exercised by one national state in a particular historical epoch
technology systems
clusters of interrelated energy, transportation, and production technologies that dominate economic activity for several decades at a time-- until a new cluster of improved technologies evolves
neocolonialism
economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas of people
transnational corporations
have investments and activities that span international boundaries, with subsidiary companies, factories, or facilities in several countries
commodity chains
networks of labor and production processes that originate in the extraction or production of raw materials and whose end result is the delivery and consumption of a finished commodity
undernutrition
underweight for ones age, too short for age, dangerously thin, and deficient in vitamins in minerals
demography
the study of the characteristics of human populations is an interdisciplinary undertaking
census
a straightforward count of the number of people in a country, region, or city.
vital records
report births, deaths, marriages, divorces and include the incidents of certain infectious diseases
crude density
the total number of people divided by the total land area
nutritional density
the ratio between the total population and the amount of land under cultivation in a given unit area
agricultural density
the ratio between the number of agriculturists per unit of farmable land in a specific area
baby boom
people born between 1946-1964
geodemographic analysis
assessing the location and composition or particular populations
age-sex pyramid
a representation of the population based on its composition according to age and sex. A bar graph is displayed horizontally. boys left, girls right, youngest at bottom, oldest at top
cohort
a group of individuals who share a common temporal demographic experience
dependency ratio
a measure of the economic impact of the young and the old on the more economically productive members of the population
youth cohort
members of the population who are les than 15 and are generally considered to be too young to be fully active in the work field
middle cohort
members of the population 15-64 who are considered economically active and productive
old age cohort
members of the population 65+ who are considered beyond their economically active and productive years
crude birth rate
the ratio of the number of live births in a single year for every thousand people in the population
total fertility rate
measure of the average number of children a woman can have throughout the years that demographers have identified as her child bearing years (15-49)
doubling time
a measure how long it would take the population of an area to grow to twice its current size
crude death rate
the ratio of the number of deaths in one year to every thousand people in the population
natural increase
the surplus of births over deaths
natural decrease
the deficit of births relative to deaths
infant mortality rate
anual number of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age compared to the total number of live births for the same year
life expectancy
average number of years an infant newborn can expect to live
medical geography
subarea of the discipline that specialize in understanding the spatial aspects of health and illness
demographic transition
a model of population change in which high birth and death rates are replaced by low birth and death rates
mobility
the ability to move from one place to another, either permanently or temporary
migration
long distance move to a new location. permanently or temporary
emigration
moving FROM a location
immigration
moving TO a location
international migration
moving from one country to another
internal migration
moving within the country
gross migration
the total number of migrants moving into and out of a place or region
net migration
the gain or loss in the total population of that area as a result of the migration
push factors
events and conditions that impel and individual to move from a locationpull factors
pull factors
fors of attraction that influence migrants to move to a particular location
voluntary migration
the individual chose to move
forced migration
here migration occurs against the individuals will, push factors
refugee
individuals who cross national boundaries to seek safety and asylum
internally displaced persons
the number of individuals who are uprooted within the boundaries of their own country because of conflict or human rights abuse
guest workers
people who migrate temporarily to take up jobs in other countries
transnational migrants
they set up homes and/or work in more than one nation state
suburbanization
the growth of population along the fringes of large metropolitan areas
eco migration
population movement caused by the degradation of land and essential natural resources
population policy
an official government strategy designed to affect any or al of several objectives, including the size, composition and distribution the the population
virtual water
the water embedded in the food or the other products we consume
society
the sum of inventions, institutions and relationships created and reproduced by human beings across particular places and times
nature
a social creation as much as it is the physical universe that includes human beings
technology
physical objects or artifacts, activities or processes, knowledge or know-how
I=PAT
impact, population, affluence, technology
cultural ecology
the study how human society has adapted to environmental challenges such as aridity and steep slopes though technologies
romanticism
the philosophy that emphasized that interdependence of human and nature
transcendentalism
a branch of American romanticism
conservation
natural resources should be used wisely
preservation
advocates that certain habitats, species and resources should remain off limits to humans
environmental ethics
a philosophical perspective that prescribes moral principles as guidance for out treatment of nature
ecofeminism
patriarch at the center of our present environmental malaise
deep ecology
an approach to nature revolving around two key components: self realization and biospherical egalitarianism
environmental justice
movement reflecting a growing political consciousness, largely among the worlds poor, that their immediate environs are far more toxic than those in wealthier neighborhoods
paleolithic period
a cultural period also known as the Early Stone age, because this was the period when chipped stone tools were first used
clovis point
a flaked, bifaced projectile whose length is twice its width
ecosystem
a community of different species interacting with each other and with the larger physical environment that surrounds it
siltation
the build up of sand and clay in a natural or artificial waterway
deforestation
removal of trees from forests and not replanting
virgin soil epidemics
where the population at risk has no natural immunity or previous exposures to the disease within the lifetime of the oldest member in the group
colombian world exchange
the interaction between the old world and the new world initiated by the voyage of Columbus, and diseases were brought over
demographic collapse
the phenomenon of near genocide of native populations
ecological imperialism
the introduction of exotic plants and animals into new ecosystems
acid rain
the wet deposition of acids upon Earth through the natural cleansing properties of the atmosphere
fuel cell
converts chemical energy directly into electricity
desertification
the spread of desert conditions resulting from deforestation, overgrazing and poor agricultural practices, as well as reduced rainfall associated with climate change
global change
describes the combination of political, economic, social, historical and environmental problems with which human beings across Earth must currently contend

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