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IPHY 3410: EXAM 1
What are the 4 Basic Tissue Types? |
Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Muscle
Nervous |
Function of Epithelium? |
Lining of surfaces |
Function of Connective Tissue? |
Framework |
Function of Muscle? |
Movement |
Function of Nervous? |
Communication |
Size of a cell? |
5-20 micrometers |
How many meters is one micrometer? |
1 micrometer= 10^-6 meters |
Why are cells limited in size? |
Reliance on diffusion
Can't have a cell large in all dimensions due to lack of oxygen |
What is they typical size of cells? |
Long and Skinny |
Anatomy of a Cell: Plasma Membrane |
Lipids |
Anatomy of a Cell: Cytoplasm |
1. Cytosol (semi liquid)
2. Organelles |
Anatomy of a Cell: Endoplasmic Reticulum |
1. Rough ER: Makes membrane proteins/lipids and has attached ribosomes
2. Smooth ER: Lipid metabolism (steroids) |
Anatomy of a Cell: Vesicle |
"Package" |
Anatomy of a Cell: Golgi Body |
"Shipping and Receiving Department" |
Anatomy of a Cell: Lysosomes |
"Demolition Department" |
Anatomy of a Cell: Mitochondria |
"Power Generators" |
Cytoskeleton: Microtubules (Location) |
Radiating outwards from center
Largest Diameter |
Cytoskeleton: Microtubules (Protruding from Cell) |
Cilia/Flagella |
Cytoskeleton: Microtubules (Inside Cell) |
"Railroads" to move other organelles |
Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments (Location) |
Close to plasma membrane
Smallest diameter |
Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments (Components) |
Made of actin
Cell crawling and pseudopods |
Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments (Subunits) |
Actin subunits
7 nm |
Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments (Location) |
Extends across the entire cell |
Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments (Diameter) |
Medium sized diameter
High tensile strength (resists pulling) |
Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments (Specificity) |
Specific for each cell type
Most permanent and stable |
Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments (Subunits) |
Fibrous Subunit
10 nm |
Tight Junctions |
Prevents flow
Prevents diffusion across tissue through extracellular space
Prevents passive movement of molecules |
Desmosome |
Structure
Anchors adjacent cells together
Mechanical function |
Gap Junctions |
Flow
Passageway from one cell to another
Direct transport between cells |
Epithelium Tissue?Innervated? |
Tissue that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
GlandsAssociated w/ nerve cell processes |
General Characteristics of Epithelium (7) |
Ability to regenerate quickly
Innervated
Avascular
Cellularity
Specialized contacts
Polarity
Basement membrane |
Innervated? |
Associated w/ nerve cell processes |
Avascular? |
Not associated w/ blood vessels |
Cellularity? |
Composed almost entirely of cells |
Polarity? |
Apical- Toward space
Basal-Toward attachment |
Basement Membrane? |
Anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue |
Functions of Epithelium TIssue (PPADSS) |
Absorption/Secretion
Diffusion/Filtration
Propulsion
Sliding
Protection
Sensory Reception |
Absorption? |
Active uptake of molecules
Energy Dependent |
Secretion? |
Active release of molecules
Energy Dependent |
Propulsion? |
Cilia drive fluid along surface of epithelium |
Protection? |
Physical property- Multiple cell layers |
Sensory Reception? |
Epithelial cells generate sensory signal |
Classification |
1.Layering: Simple vs. Stratified
2. Shape: Squamous vs. Cuboidal vs. Columnar |
Simple Epithelium-Simple Squamous
Alveoli |
Lining of air sacs in lungs |
Simple Epithelium-Simple Squamous Endothelium |
Inner lining of heart and blood vessels |
Simple Epithelium-Simple Squamous Glomerular Capsule |
Kidneys (Filtration) |
Simple Epithelium-Simple Squamous Cilia/Microvilli |
No surface projections |
Simple Epithelium-Simple Squamous Mesothelium |
Lining of closed body cavities |
Simple Epithelium-Simple Cuboidal
Glands |
Salivary glands (Pancreas & Ovary Lining) |
Simple Epithelium-Simple Cuboidal
Ciliated |
In uterine tube (Microvilli) |
Simple Epithelium-Simple Columnar
Nonciliated |
Lines most of digestive tract |
Simple Epithelium-Simple Columnar
Ciliated |
Lines small bronchi (air tubes in lungs)
Sweeps away debris; microvilli |
Goblet Cells? |
Secrete mucus-Digestive and respiratory tracts |
Stratified Epithelium- Translational
Urinary Bladder |
Apical Tissue
Cells change shape with tissue stretches |
Glands? |
Cells are specialized for secretion
Develop via invaginated epithelia |
Exocrine Glands? |
Secretes products into cavities or onto body surfaces |
Endocrine Glands? |
Secretes products into the blood
Hormones |
Mucous? |
Thick and Viscous |
Serous? |
Thin and Watery |
Stratified Epithelium- Stratified Squamous |
Thickest
1. Keratinized: Skin
2. Non Keratinized: Ends of digestive and reproductive tissue |
Stratified Epithelium- Stratified Cuboidal |
Rare
Largest ducts of salivary, sweat, and mammary glands |
Stratified Epithelium- Stratified Columnar |
Very Rare
Urethra
Largest ducts of glands |
Pseudostratified Columnar |
Ciliated: Lines tracts and upper respiratory tracts
Nuclei: @ different levels, so tissue appears stratified |
Pseudostratified Columnar-Basement Membrane Cells |
Not truly stratified |
Connective Tissue Characteristics (3) |
Relatively few cells
Large amt. of extracellular matrix
Vascularized |
Vascularization Exceptions? |
Blood and Cartilage |
Extracellular Matrix? |
Nonliving material outside the cell |
Connective Tissue Functions? (5) |
Support and Protection
Defense
Passageway for nerves and vessels
Transport and Exchange
Insulation and Energy Storage |
Insulation and Energy Storage? |
Fat |
Transport and Exchange? |
Via Blood and Intersitial Fluid |
Connective Tissue Structure-Cells? |
1. Derived from Mesenchyme
2. Secrete Extra Cellular Matrix
3. Defense Cells |
Mesenchyme? |
Detached cells in embryo |
Connective Tissue Structure-Matrix? (3) |
Fibers composed of 3 proteins
Collagen
Reticular
Elastic |
Collagen Fibers? |
Collagen Molecule
Collagen Fibril
Collagen Fiber
"Resist Tension" |
Collagen Molecule? |
Type 1 is most common |
Collagen Fibril? |
Group of collagen molecules bound together |
Collagen Fiber? |
Group of collagen fibrils bound together |
Reticular Fibers? |
Specialized collagen fibrils
Short thin and branched; Made of Type III collagen molecules |
What kind of networks do reticulate fibers form? |
Delicate networks with lots of spaces ; provides smooth gliding/deformation at boundaries of tissues. |
Deformation? |
Changing shape |
Elastic Fibers? |
Elastin Protein
Highly Elastic |
When is Elastic Protein coiled? |
At rest |
Elastin Proteins are not? |
Fibrils |
Genetic Diseases of CT Fibers |
Cutis Laxa & Cutis Hyperelastica |
Cutis Laxa? |
Genetic defect in elastic fiber formation; loss of elasticity in skin/joints |
Cutis Hyperelastica? |
Genetic defect in collagen fiber formation; Highly flexible joints/skin |
What do Cutis Laxa/Hyperelastica increase the risk for? |
Cardiovascular Disease |
Matrix consists of? |
Fibers and Ground Substance |
What is Ground Substance? (4) |
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Proteoglycans
Interstial Fluid
Additional Components |
Interstial Fluid? |
Tissue fluid; H20 that permeates through CT |
Additional Components? |
Calcium salts in bones |
Categories of Connective Tissue (4) |
Connective Tissue Proper
Cartilage
Bone Tissue
Blood |
Connective Proper Tissue |
unspecialized "classic" CT
cells
6 types varying in density and fiber types |
Fibroblasts? |
Secrete matrix |
Fibrocytes? |
Maintain matrix |
Major divisions of Connective Proper Tissue? |
Loose CT & Dense CT |
Loose CT Division has? |
Lots of ground substance & few fibers |
Dense CT Division has? |
Lots of collagen fibers (resistant to tension) |
3 Types of Loose CT? |
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular |
3 Types of Dense CT? |
Dense Regular CT
Dense Irregular CT
Elastic CT |
Apical side is responsible for? |
Secretion |
Basal side is responsible for? |
Attachment |
What is the most widespread generic connective tissue? |
Areolar Connective TIssue |
2 Characteristic of Areolar CT? |
Gel Like Matrix
Adjoins all Epithelia |
Adipose Tissue is mostly made of? |
Fat Cells |
Where is Adipose Tissue located? |
Hypodermis-Deep to Skin |
Where is "visceral fat" found? |
Around Internal Organs |
Function of Adipose Tissue? |
Energy Storage
Protection
Insulation |
In Reticular CT the fibers are? |
Reticular Fibers |
Reticular CT is found exclusively in? |
Lymphoid Structures (Immune system structure) |
Lymphoid Structures? (3) |
Spleen
Lymph Node
Red Bone Marrow |
Analogy for Reticular CT? |
Labyrinth used by defense cells |
Characteristic of Dense CT? |
Thickest in the body |
What are Dense Regular CT? |
Collagen Fibers running in 1 direction (1 axis) |
Function of Dense Regular CT? |
Tension resistance in 1 direction |
Where is Dense Regular CT found? |
Tendons and Ligaments
Fascia |
Ligament Connects? |
Bone to Bone |
Tendon Connects? |
Muscle to Bone |
Fascia is? |
Dense CT that helps to contain muscles and distribute tension
(deep fascia, IT Band) |
Dense Irregular CT has what kind if fibers? Orientation? |
Collagen Fibers
Various Directions |
Where is Dense Irregular CT found? (2) |
Dermis/Skin
Fibrous Capsules of Organs/Joints |
Elastic Connective Tissue is composed of? |
Elastic Fibers
Some Collagen Fibers |
Where is Elastic Connective Tissue Found? (3) |
Bronchial Tubes in Lungs
Artery Walls of Intervertebral Ligaments |
Elastic Cartilage fibrous component made of? |
Elastic Fibers
Thin Collagen Fibrils |
Physical properties of Elastic Cartilage? |
More resiliant and flexible |
Where is Elastic Cartilage found? (2) |
External Ear
Epiglottis |
Fibrocartilage fibrous component? |
Thin Collagen Fibrils alternating w/ Thick Collagen Fibers |
Physical properties of Fibrocartilage? |
Resistant to tension |
Fibrocartilage is found? (3) |
Intervertebral Discs
Meniscus of Knee Joints
Pubic Symphysis |
Ground substance of bone? |
Calcium salts |
Physical property of ground substance of bone? |
Resisting compression |
Physical property of fibers in bones? |
Only Collagen Fibers
Resists Tension |
Osteoblasts? |
Secrete Matrix |
Osteocytes? |
Maintain Matrix |
Why is blood a connective tissue? |
Large amount of extracellular matrix
Plasma (Mainly Water)
Mesenchyme |