View
- Term
- Definition
- Both Sides
Study
- All (105)
Shortcut Show
Next
Prev
Flip
FCS 101: EXAM 1
cross sectional studies |
interview different people at different stages |
longitudinal research |
track one person over a long period of time (can be several years) |
Nature |
hereditary (biological) |
Nurture |
Enviornment |
case study |
descriptive, following a person, recording them. one person |
negative correlation |
when one goes up and the other goes down |
positive correlation |
both variables go up or both go down
|
correlation coefficent |
number ranging from -1.00- +1.00 tell strength of relationship |
naturalistic observation |
watching participant in natural habitat, no talking. |
what influences development? |
-age(help predict what will happen at a certain time)
- history ( people born in same time frame act the same)
-non normative ( irregular events that happen to few people)
|
Active vs. passive |
behavior vs. enviornment |
continuity vs. discontinuity |
steady vs. abrupt changes (how we develop) |
Time variable desgins |
one-time, one-group
-longitudial
-cross-sectional |
Code of Ethics |
guiding set of principles |
epigenetic view |
heredity and the environment during development |
collecting data (4 ways) |
1. descriptive study
2. manipulative experiments
3. naturalistic experiments
4. case studies
|
descriptive study |
gather info from a group of people (survey, test, poll) |
manipulative experiments |
2-3 different scenarios |
prenatal |
before birth |
amniocentesis |
a procedure for drawing and examining fetal cells sloughed off into amniotic fluid to determine the presence of various disorders. |
miscarriage |
the expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it can sustain life on its own most often due to defective development. |
chronic villus sampling (cvs) |
a method or the prenatal detection of genetic abnormalities that samples the membrane enveloping the amniotic sac and fetus |
uterus |
the hallow organ within females in which the embryo and fetus develope |
ultrasound |
sound waves too high in itch to be sensed by the human ear |
sonogram |
a procedure for using ultrasonic sound waves to create a picture of an embryo or fetus |
genotype |
the genetic form or constitution of a person as determined by heredity |
phenotype |
the actual form or constitution of a person as determined by heredity and environmental factors.
|
conception |
the union of sperm and an ovum that occurs when the chromosomes of each of these cells combine to form 23 new pairs |
endometrium |
the inner lining of the uterus |
autism |
a development disorder characterized by failure to relate to others, communication problems, intolerance of change, and ritualistic behavior |
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay |
a blood test that assess the mother's blood lever of alpha-fetoprotein, a substance that is linked with fetal neural tube defects. |
motility |
self-propulsion |
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
an infection of the abdominal region that may have various causes and that may impair fertility
|
endometriosis |
inflammation of endometrial issue sloughed off into the abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menstruation. |
artificial insemination |
injection of sperm into the uterus to fertilize an ovum |
father |
which parent determines the sex of the baby? |
germinal stage |
the period from conception to implantation |
from the beginning of the third month until birth |
when does fetal stage take place? |
chromosomal disorder |
what does the parental test, chronic villus sampling (CVS) test for? |
no |
can pregnant women eat foods like fish and deli meat? |
month five
|
around what month can you see the baby's organs? |
genes |
____ are biological materials that regulate the development of traits. |
50% |
how much of their genes to dizygotic twins share? |
XYY |
what is the chromosome structure for super males? |
Sickle Cell Anemia |
What disease is most common among African Americans? |
sperm are apparently guided toward an egg cell (ovum) by changes in ____ ions. |
calcium |
trophoblast |
the outer layer of blastocyst |
placenta |
____ is pancake-shaped mass of tissue that permits the embryo and fetus to exchange nutrients and wastes with the mother |
HIV |
___ is not likely to be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta |
preeclampsia |
___ is a life threatening disease characterized byhigh blood pressure that may afflict women late in the second or early in the third trimester. |
oxygen |
cigarette smoking by a pregnant woman is harmful to the fetus because it decreases the amount of ____ available to the fetus. |
false |
true of false: Braxton hicks contractions are a sign of early labor |
false |
true or false: Doula's are allowed to deliver the babies |
3 main birth problems |
premature babies, low birth weight, risk of paternal labor |
breech birth |
when a baby is born feet first, butt first, or in a cross position |
Lamaze method and Bradley method |
two methods used prior to and during a child birth |
respiratory distress syndrome |
babies who breath irregularly or may suddenly stop breathing |
incubator |
premature infants usually remain in the hospital and are placed in these. |
when is a baby considered premature? |
birth occurs before 37 weeks of gestation |
how long do baby blues usually last? |
6 weeks |
true or false: bonding is essential to the survival and well being of children? |
true |
4-6 weeks |
how long do women tend to bleed after giving birth |
4 major stages in Piaget cognitive theory |
* 1-2 years: sensorimotor stage
*2-7 year: preoperational stage
*7-11 years: concrete operational stage
*12 and up: formal operational stage
|
psychosocial development |
Erikson's theory emphasizing the importance of social relationships and conscious choice thought the eight stages of development |
Erikson's theory |
psychosocial theory |
Freud's theory |
psychosexual theory |
5 childhood stages of freud's psychosexual theory |
1. oral stage
2. anal stage
3. phallic stage
4. latent stage
5. genital stage
|
classical conditioning |
a form of learning in which neutral stimulus is used to cause a response that is usually brought forth by a second stimulus. |
what is this?
psychologists trained children to wake up when they had bladder tension by pairing bladder tension repeatedly with a bell that awakens them. |
classical conditioning |
positive reinforcer |
increases the frequency of a response |
negative reinforcer |
when removed, increases the frequency of a response |
extinction |
the cessation of a response that is performed in the absence of reinforcement |
social cognitive theory |
learning theory that emphasizes observational learning |
cognitive developmental theory |
hold that the child's abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems unfold as a result of the interaction of experiences and the maturation of neurological structures. |
stage theory |
a theory of development characterized by distinct periods of life |
life crisis |
an internal conflict that attends each stage of the psychosocial theory |
maturation |
the unfolding of genetically determined traits, structures, and functions |
behaviorism |
Watson's view that science must study observable behavior only and investigate relationships between stimuli and responses |
reinforcement |
the process of providing stimuli following responses that increase the frequency of responses |
identity crisis |
a period of inner conflict during which one examines one's values and makes decisions about one's life roles. (Erikson) |
life-span perspective |
perspective in which psychologist view human development as occurring throughout the individual's lifetime. |
developmental psychology |
the discipline that studies the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of humans |
operant conditioning |
a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior that is reinforced. |
scheme |
an action pattern or mental structure that is involved in the acquisition and organization of knowledge |
adaptation |
the interaction between the organism and the environment consisting of assimilation and acommodation |
assimilation |
the incorporation of new events into existing knowledge into existing schemes. |
accommodation |
the modification of existing schemes to permit the incorporation of new events of knowledge.
|
equilibrium |
the creation of balance between assimilation and accommodation |
ethology |
the study of behaviors that are specific to a species. |
fixed action pattern (FAP) |
a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is evoked by a "releasing stimulus"; and instinct |
ecology |
the branch of biology that deals with the relationships between living organisms and their enviornment |
microsystem |
the immediate setting with which the child interacts, such as the home, school, and peers
|
mesosystem |
the interlocking settings that influence the child..... interaction of the school and larger community |
exosystem |
community institutions and setting that directly influence the child, such as the school board and the parent' workplace |
macrosystem |
the basic institutions and ideologies that influence the child |
chronosystem |
the environmental changes that occur over time and have an effect on the child. |
empirical |
based on observation and experimentation |
standardized test |
a test in which an individual's score is compared to the scores of a group of similar individuals |
hypothesis |
proposition to be tested |
experimental group |
group receives treatment |
control group |
don't receive treatment.. used to compare the experimental group to |
cohort effect |
similarities in behavior among a group of peers that stem from the fact that group members were born at the same time in history |
time lag |
the study of developmental processes by taking measures of participants of the same age group and different times |
ecological systems theory |
the view that explains child development in terms of the reciprocal influences between children and environment settings. |
Zone of Proximal development (ZPD) |
Vygotsky's term for the situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone is more skilled. |