93 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
6 Maps Essentials
|
scale, title, direction, location, date, legend
|
|
4 Types of Scale
|
ratio, fractional, graphic, verbal
|
|
Benchmark
|
gives a particular elevation
|
|
Topographic Maps
|
third dimension is shown by the use of contour lines
|
|
Planimetric maps
|
two dimensional
|
|
Contour Lines
|
Isolines that connect points on a map that are at equal elevation above mean sea level
|
|
Isolines
|
connect places of equal value
|
|
Isohyets
|
Points of equal precipitation
|
|
Isobars
|
points of equal barometric pressure
|
|
Isotherms
|
points of equal temperature
|
|
Discrete Data
|
a phenomenon located at a particular place (for example: hot springs, tropical rainforests, rivers, tornado paths, or earthquake faults) They are represented on maps by point, area, or line symbols to show their locations and distributions. Regions are discrete areas
|
|
Continuous Data
|
a measurable numerical value for a certain characteristic exists everywhere on earth (for example: everywhere on earth has a measurable elevation)
|
|
Thematic Maps
|
designed to focus attention on the spatial extent and distribution of one feature (examples: climate, vegetation, soils, earthquake epicenters, tornados)
|
|
Carrying Contour
|
where contour lines intersect or merge at a cliff or bridge, points overlap
|
|
Congressional Survey System (Township and Range or Public Land Survey System) description
|
based on lat/long, 3/4 US uses this, based on 6x6mi townships w/ principle meridian and base line, each of which are further subdivided into 36 sections of 1 square mile (640 acres), which may further subdivided by quartering
|
|
Metes and Bounds description
|
uses terrain features, rocks, trees, etc. (often used to designate property lines)
|
|
Long Lot (French Long Lot) description
|
land divided into long narrow lots connected to river
|
|
Civil Town description
|
5x5 mile squares
|
|
First Seven Ranges (aka Old Seven Ranges)
|
the area first used to develop the Township and Range or Congressional Survey System
|
|
Connecticut Western Reserve settled by...
|
people from New England (mainly Connecticut)
|
|
Virginia Military District settled by...
|
people from VA
|
|
French Grant
|
settled by French settlers along the Ohio River East of Portsmouth
|
|
Map Projection
|
transferring a spherical grid onto a flat surface, for convenience
|
|
Planar Projection
|
projecting grid lines onto a plane or flat surface (most often used to show the polar regions, with the pole centrally located on the circular map, which displays one hemisphere)
|
|
Conic Projection
|
cone fitted over globe with its pointed top centered over a pole (middle-latitude regions, minimal distortion)
|
|
Cylindrical Projection
|
"Mercator Projection" mathematically adjusted (meridians appear as unequal parallel lines)
|
|
Conformal Maps
|
maps that maintain the correct shapes of areas
|
|
Equal Area Maps
|
maps that maintain true area/proportional size
|
|
Azimuthal Maps
|
produce maps that show true directions with straight lines
|
|
Aerial Photos xxxxxx
|
are made by using cameras to record a picture on film
|
|
Tone
|
light reflects energy/dark absorbs it (greater the reflectivity of an object the brighter it will appear on image)
|
|
Texture
|
roughness/smoothness of an area on an air photo
|
|
Shape
|
constructed feature
|
|
Pattern
|
in aerial photos refers to the arrangement of objects on the landscape
|
|
Film Types:
|
black and white, black and white infrared, color, color infrared
|
|
Color Infrared
|
aka "false color," does not depict a scene in true colors
|
|
2 types of Size
|
on aerial photos is of two kinds, absolute and relative.
|
|
Scale
|
relation of map to mapped area
|
|
Congressional Survey System uses..
|
principle meridians and base lines to form the survey framework
|
|
Absolute size can be determined by..
|
measuring using the scale of the photo
|
|
Relative size can be determined by..
|
visual comparison
|
|
vertical air photos have...
|
scale
|
|
5 interpretive qualities of air photos
|
pattern, texture, tone, size, shape
|
|
Connecticut Western Reserve map location
|
NE Ohio, Cleveland
|
|
Firelands map location
|
West of CWR/NE Ohio
|
|
Virginia Military District map location
|
SW Ohio, wide bottom narrow top, tall
|
|
First Seven Ranges map location
|
Central Eastern Ohio
|
|
French Grant location
|
small section on Southern tip
|
|
Virginia Military District survey type
|
metes and bounds
|
|
French Grant survey type
|
long lot
|
|
Firelands survey type
|
New England Civil Town
|
|
Connecticut Western Reserve survey type
|
New England Civil Town
|
|
3 Types of North
|
Grid, Magnetic, True
|
|
Lines of Longitude run ___ and measure ___ and are called ___
|
N/S, E/W, Meridians
|
|
Lines of Latitude run ___ and measure ___ and are called ___
|
E/W, N/S, Parallels
|
|
North Pole ___ degrees
|
90 N
|
|
Equator ___ degrees
|
0
|
|
Common Scale Ratio
|
1:24,000
|
|
GIS stands for
|
Geographic Information System
|
|
Planimetric Map examples
|
roadmaps, marketing maps
|
|
Tropic of Cancer location
|
23.5 N
|
|
Tropic of Capricorn location
|
23.5 S
|
|
Arctic Circle location
|
66.5 N
|
|
Antarctic Circle location
|
66.5 S
|
|
Tropics mark...
|
furthest point sun moves overhead (summer/winter)
|
|
Isochronic Lines
|
points marking time
|
|
Index Contour Lines
|
thicker/darker contour lines
|
|
Contour Interval
|
distance in elevation between contour lines
|
|
Large Scale Map
|
blown up image
|
|
Small Scale map
|
smaller image, shows more land
|
|
Bench Mark (BM)
|
usually marked on map with an 'X' and in real life with copper/concrete plaque, elevation marked
|
|
Spot Mark
|
usually where roads intersect, elevation point
|
|
Color Infrared, healthy veg. appears...
|
red
|
|
1 mile = ___ inches
|
63,360
|
|
Use ___ when shrinking/raising map size
|
graphic scale
|
|
Landmark Survey System disadvantage
|
used trees, which weren't permanant
|
|
Map Legend
|
holds symbols
|
|
3 Geometric Forms
|
cones, planes, cylinders
|
|
Developable Surface
|
unfolded projection (cone, cylinder, plane)
|
|
No one map/projection can show...
|
true shape, direction, and area
|
|
Robinson Projection
|
aesthetically pleasing compromise, approx. accurate, disjointed points
|
|
3 "Unstructured" survey systems
|
metes/bounds, civil town, long lot, means they are not based off of specific lines of long/lat
|
|
2 other names for Congressional Land Survey
|
township and range, public land survey system
|
|
2 major types of spatial data
|
discrete and continuous
|
|
Isolines are a type of ___ data
|
continuous
|
|
Township & Range survey system is divided into...
|
sections
|
|
Contours bend ___ when crossing a valley
|
upstream
|
|
Contour lines that show decreased elevation
|
depression contours
|
|
color of low-sediment water
|
dark blue-black
|
|
color of high-sediment water
|
milky blue
|
|
Aerial photo advantage
|
provides real image of terrain
|
|
International Date Line
|
line roughly along the 180 degree meridian, where each day begins and ends.
|
|
Prime Meridian
|
half of a great circle that connects the North and South Poles and mark zero degrees Longitude
|
GEO 121: TEST 1