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ANA 113 Study Guidue
central nervous system |
brain and spinal cord |
peripheral nervous system |
somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) |
peripheral nervous system |
cranial nerves and the spinal nerves, neurons, ganglia, sensory receptors |
neuron |
receive and transmit information |
sensory (afferent) |
delivers information to the CNS |
motor (efferent) |
carries information to the periphery (muscles, glands) |
associative (interneuron) |
located between sensory and motor neurons. modifies responses of other neurons |
multipolar neurons |
in brain and spinal cord |
bipolar neurons |
in retina of eye and inner ear |
unipolar |
in ganglia adjacent to spinal cord |
nissi bodies |
clusters of free ribosomes that produce protein and RER |
neurofibrils |
cytoskeleton of a neuron (maintains shape) |
dendrites of a neuron |
more than one per neuron, transmits info to cell body |
axon of a neuron |
one per neuron, transmits info from cell body |
myelin sheath |
outside covering of axon. conducts electrical impulse. composed of lipids |
what is myelin sheath produced by? |
oligodendrocytes in CNS and schwann cells in PNS |
Neurilemma |
call wall of oligodendrocyte or schwann cell |
nodes of ranvier |
area of axon not covered by myelin |
synaptic vesicles |
terminals |
nerve impulse |
changes permeability of membrane. Na moves in and K moves out |
microglia |
phagocytic cell of the CNS. ingests dead or damaged tissue |
astrocyte |
nourishment of neurons in CNS. Helps form "Blood Brain Barrier"- regulates substances that pass from the blood stream into the CNS |
Blood-Brain Barrier |
astrocyte- basement membrane- endothelial wall of capillary |
ependymal cells |
line the cavities or ventricles of the brain |
satellite cells |
regulate nourishment to neurons in PNS |
nuclei |
cluster of neurons in CNS |
ganglia |
cluster of neurons in PNS |
nerve |
bundle of axons in PNS |
tract |
bundle of axons in CNS |
synapse |
site of communication between neurons |
continuous conduction |
impulse travels in a continuous flow along an axon |
saltatory conduction |
impulse jumps or is transmitted from one node of Ranvier to another |
A fibers |
most heavily myelinated (sharp, stabbing pain) |
B fibers |
intermediate in amount of myelin |
C fibers |
least amount of myelin, in some cases: none (dull pain) |
neuromuscular junction/ myoneural junction |
terminal part of axon and receptor site on muscle fiber. neurotransmitter is acetylcholine |
acetylcholine (excitatory) |
controls skeletal muscle |
norepinephrine (excitatory or inhibitory) |
controls autonomic NS |
serotonin (inhibitory) |
plays a role in sleep |
dopamine (excitatory or inhibitory) |
in autonomic NS |
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid |
inhibits cerebellum |
Inhibitory neurotransmitters |
hyper polarizes the post-synaptic neuron preventing the transmission of the nerve impulse across the synapse |
dopamine |
found in autonomic NS |
where is the nervous system located? |
vertebral canal. it starts at the foramen magnum and ends at intervertebral disc between L1 and L2 |
conus medullaris |
cone-shaped terminal part of spinal cord |
cauda equine |
"horses tail" composed of nerve fibers of axons |
filum terminale |
from tip of the conus medullaris, a CT fiber extends to the sacrum composed of pia mater |
cervical and lumbar enlargements |
thickened regions of spinal cord |
how many pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord? |
31 |
dura mater |
outer covering, tough as parchment |
arachnoid |
very thin middle covering: like cellophane |
pia mater |
covering touches cord and brain. CT |
Subarachnoid space |
deep to arachnoid. contains cerebrospinal fluid |
cerebrospinal fluid |
produced in ventricles of brain. clear, colorless, odorless |
epidural space |
located external to dura mater; contains fat |
subdural space |
located internal to dura; normally nothing is found here |
where should you do a spinal tap? |
L4-L5... iliac crest can be used to locate this level |
What is the path of the needle when you pierce the subarachnoid space? |
skin- subcutaneous tissue- ligaments- dura mater- arachnoid mater |
What are the spinal segments? |
cervical- 8. thoracic-12. lumbar-5. sacral-5. coccygeal-1. |
white matter |
composed of fibers (bundles of axons) |
what does white matter contain? |
axons, most of which are myelinated |
gray matter |
contains cell bodies of neurons (ventral gray horn= motor neuron cell bodies) |
What does gray matter contain? |
neuron cell bodies |
dorsal root |
contains sensory nerve fibers |
dorsal root ganglion |
contains sensory cell bodies |
ventral root |
contains motor fibers |
What do we find in spinal nerves? |
dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots |
What is a reflex? |
an automatic, unconscious response |
withdrawal reflex |
3 neurons are needed |
receptor |
picks up stimulus |
sensory neuron |
takes stimulus into spinal cord |
motor neuron |
brings impulse to muscle |
lower motor neurons |
cell body is in the brain stem or spinal cord. its axon synapses on skeletal muscle fibers. |
effector |
moves body away from stimulus (muscle) |
stretch reflex arc |
2 neurons are needed |
photoreceptors |
responsive to light; rods and cones located in the eye |
chemoreceptors |
respond to chemical stimuli |
pain receptors |
free nerve endings in the skin, respond to pain |
Thermoreceptors |
located in the skin; respond to changes in temperature |
pressure receptors |
located in the skin; respond to mechanical deformation |
proprioceptors |
detect "poison sense" in muscles, tendons; ligaments |
dorsal |
posterior- sensory |
ventral |
anterior- motor |
dermatomes |
strip of skin supplied by a dorsal or ventral primary ramus of a spinal nerve
(male- T4- nipples)(female- T10- bellybutton) |
referred pain |
pain felt in a particular area of the body that originates from an organ (heart attack= left chest and left arm) |
phrenic nerve |
"C3,4,5 keeps you alive" diaphragm is a major muscle of breathing |
brachial plexus |
(C5-T1) network of nerves |
axillary |
wraps around surgical neck of humorous, innervates deltoid. (lifts arm) |
musculocutaneous |
deep to biceps and brachial. (flexes elbow and supinates) |
radial |
wraps around shaft of humorous. innervates triceps. ("wrist drop") |
ulnar |
"funny bone" posterior of medial epicondyle. innervates felxor carpi ulnaris and half of flexor digitorum profundus. ("claw hand") (hard time moving pinky) |
median |
comes down middle of arm. innervates other half of digitorum profundus. ("ape hand")(thumb cannot oppose)("carpal tunnel syndrome") |
femoral |
anterior surface of thigh. innervates quads. (extends knee) |
obturator |
medial aspect of thigh. innervates adductors |
sciatic |
posterior thigh. innervates hamstrings. (flection of knee and extension of thigh) |
tibial sciatic |
back of thigh. innervates gastrocnemius and soleous |
common fibular sciatic |
lateral and anterior thigh. innervates fibula longus and brevis (dorsiflection) |
pedundal |
medial to ischial tuberosity |
What 3 parts make up the brain? |
cerebral hemisphere, brain stem, cerebellum |
corpus collosum |
a large fiber bundle connecting one cerebral hemisphere with the other. allows for transfer of info from one hemisphere to the other |
Where is the cerebrum? |
central solcus. separates the frontal from parietal |
gryi |
ridges |
sulci |
grooves |
frontal lobe |
before central solcus. motor function |
parietal lobe |
behind central solcus. sensory function |
temporal lobe |
lateral solcus. auditory function |
occipital lobe |
visual function |
insula |
deep to lateral sulcus. thought to integrate nervous activity |
primary motor area |
4. pre central gyrus. controls movement |
primary sensory area |
3, 1, 2. post central gyrus. perception of sensory impulses |
area for hearing |
41, 42. hearing. perception and identifying sound |
visual area |
17, 18, 19. vision. perception and identification of images |
broca's area |
44, 45. speech. opposite side of brain that you write with controls speech |
wernicke's area |
22. understand and compose written words. dyslexia |
Which two major pairs of blood vessels supply the brain? |
internal carotid and vertebral arteries |
middle cerebral artery |
supplies lateral surface of cerebrum (upper limb) |
anterior cerebral artery |
supplies medial surface of cerebrum (lower limb) |
venous drainage |
veins draining the brain empty into folds of dura called dural venous sinuses. blood is then carried to the internal jugular vein. (CSF is also absorbed into the venous sinuses. |
medulla oblongata |
located in the foramen magnum. contains cardiovascular and respiratory centers. motor and sensory decussation (cross-over) |
pons |
located superior to medulla. contains part of respiratory center |
midbrain |
located superior to pons. contains auditory and visual reflex centers |
what does the diencephalon contain? |
the thalamus and hypothalamus |
thalamus |
located superior to midbrain. contains relay center for all sensations except smell |
hypothalamus |
located superior to midbrain. it controls the sleep/wake cycle, eating, and autonomic NS connections with pituitary glands. |
reticular activating center |
column of neurons that are located in the middle of the brain stem from the thalamus to the medulla. these neurons maintain a conscious state. when damaged, coma may result. |
cerebellum |
coordinates movement (flexor and extensor muscles) |
basal ganglia |
initiates movements in an adult and controls movements of newborn babies |
substantia nigra |
involved in gross movements. when it is damages, parkinson's disease develops |
limbic system |
formed by many parts of the brain. has many functions such as sex drive. major memory center |