ANA 113 Study Guidue
129 Cards in this Set
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central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary)
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peripheral nervous system
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cranial nerves and the spinal nerves, neurons, ganglia, sensory receptors
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neuron
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receive and transmit information
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sensory (afferent)
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delivers information to the CNS
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motor (efferent)
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carries information to the periphery (muscles, glands)
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associative (interneuron)
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located between sensory and motor neurons. modifies responses of other neurons
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multipolar neurons
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in brain and spinal cord
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bipolar neurons
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in retina of eye and inner ear
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unipolar
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in ganglia adjacent to spinal cord
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nissi bodies
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clusters of free ribosomes that produce protein and RER
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neurofibrils
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cytoskeleton of a neuron (maintains shape)
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dendrites of a neuron
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more than one per neuron, transmits info to cell body
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axon of a neuron
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one per neuron, transmits info from cell body
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myelin sheath
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outside covering of axon. conducts electrical impulse. composed of lipids
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what is myelin sheath produced by?
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oligodendrocytes in CNS and schwann cells in PNS
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Neurilemma
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call wall of oligodendrocyte or schwann cell
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nodes of ranvier
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area of axon not covered by myelin
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synaptic vesicles
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terminals
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nerve impulse
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changes permeability of membrane. Na moves in and K moves out
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microglia
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phagocytic cell of the CNS. ingests dead or damaged tissue
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astrocyte
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nourishment of neurons in CNS. Helps form "Blood Brain Barrier"- regulates substances that pass from the blood stream into the CNS
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Blood-Brain Barrier
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astrocyte- basement membrane- endothelial wall of capillary
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ependymal cells
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line the cavities or ventricles of the brain
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satellite cells
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regulate nourishment to neurons in PNS
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nuclei
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cluster of neurons in CNS
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ganglia
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cluster of neurons in PNS
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nerve
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bundle of axons in PNS
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tract
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bundle of axons in CNS
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synapse
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site of communication between neurons
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continuous conduction
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impulse travels in a continuous flow along an axon
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saltatory conduction
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impulse jumps or is transmitted from one node of Ranvier to another
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A fibers
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most heavily myelinated (sharp, stabbing pain)
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B fibers
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intermediate in amount of myelin
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C fibers
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least amount of myelin, in some cases: none (dull pain)
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neuromuscular junction/ myoneural junction
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terminal part of axon and receptor site on muscle fiber. neurotransmitter is acetylcholine
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acetylcholine (excitatory)
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controls skeletal muscle
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norepinephrine (excitatory or inhibitory)
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controls autonomic NS
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serotonin (inhibitory)
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plays a role in sleep
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dopamine (excitatory or inhibitory)
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in autonomic NS
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Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
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inhibits cerebellum
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Inhibitory neurotransmitters
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hyper polarizes the post-synaptic neuron preventing the transmission of the nerve impulse across the synapse
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dopamine
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found in autonomic NS
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where is the nervous system located?
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vertebral canal. it starts at the foramen magnum and ends at intervertebral disc between L1 and L2
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conus medullaris
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cone-shaped terminal part of spinal cord
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cauda equine
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"horses tail" composed of nerve fibers of axons
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filum terminale
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from tip of the conus medullaris, a CT fiber extends to the sacrum composed of pia mater
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cervical and lumbar enlargements
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thickened regions of spinal cord
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how many pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord?
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31
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dura mater
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outer covering, tough as parchment
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arachnoid
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very thin middle covering: like cellophane
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pia mater
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covering touches cord and brain. CT
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Subarachnoid space
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deep to arachnoid. contains cerebrospinal fluid
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cerebrospinal fluid
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produced in ventricles of brain. clear, colorless, odorless
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epidural space
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located external to dura mater; contains fat
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subdural space
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located internal to dura; normally nothing is found here
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where should you do a spinal tap?
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L4-L5... iliac crest can be used to locate this level
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What is the path of the needle when you pierce the subarachnoid space?
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skin- subcutaneous tissue- ligaments- dura mater- arachnoid mater
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What are the spinal segments?
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cervical- 8. thoracic-12. lumbar-5. sacral-5. coccygeal-1.
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white matter
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composed of fibers (bundles of axons)
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what does white matter contain?
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axons, most of which are myelinated
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gray matter
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contains cell bodies of neurons (ventral gray horn= motor neuron cell bodies)
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What does gray matter contain?
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neuron cell bodies
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dorsal root
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contains sensory nerve fibers
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dorsal root ganglion
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contains sensory cell bodies
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ventral root
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contains motor fibers
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What do we find in spinal nerves?
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dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots
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What is a reflex?
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an automatic, unconscious response
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withdrawal reflex
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3 neurons are needed
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receptor
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picks up stimulus
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sensory neuron
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takes stimulus into spinal cord
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motor neuron
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brings impulse to muscle
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lower motor neurons
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cell body is in the brain stem or spinal cord. its axon synapses on skeletal muscle fibers.
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effector
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moves body away from stimulus (muscle)
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stretch reflex arc
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2 neurons are needed
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photoreceptors
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responsive to light; rods and cones located in the eye
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chemoreceptors
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respond to chemical stimuli
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pain receptors
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free nerve endings in the skin, respond to pain
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Thermoreceptors
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located in the skin; respond to changes in temperature
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pressure receptors
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located in the skin; respond to mechanical deformation
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proprioceptors
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detect "poison sense" in muscles, tendons; ligaments
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dorsal
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posterior- sensory
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ventral
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anterior- motor
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dermatomes
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strip of skin supplied by a dorsal or ventral primary ramus of a spinal nerve
(male- T4- nipples)(female- T10- bellybutton)
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referred pain
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pain felt in a particular area of the body that originates from an organ (heart attack= left chest and left arm)
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phrenic nerve
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"C3,4,5 keeps you alive" diaphragm is a major muscle of breathing
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brachial plexus
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(C5-T1) network of nerves
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axillary
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wraps around surgical neck of humorous, innervates deltoid. (lifts arm)
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musculocutaneous
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deep to biceps and brachial. (flexes elbow and supinates)
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radial
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wraps around shaft of humorous. innervates triceps. ("wrist drop")
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ulnar
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"funny bone" posterior of medial epicondyle. innervates felxor carpi ulnaris and half of flexor digitorum profundus. ("claw hand") (hard time moving pinky)
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median
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comes down middle of arm. innervates other half of digitorum profundus. ("ape hand")(thumb cannot oppose)("carpal tunnel syndrome")
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femoral
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anterior surface of thigh. innervates quads. (extends knee)
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obturator
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medial aspect of thigh. innervates adductors
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sciatic
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posterior thigh. innervates hamstrings. (flection of knee and extension of thigh)
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tibial sciatic
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back of thigh. innervates gastrocnemius and soleous
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common fibular sciatic
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lateral and anterior thigh. innervates fibula longus and brevis (dorsiflection)
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pedundal
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medial to ischial tuberosity
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What 3 parts make up the brain?
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cerebral hemisphere, brain stem, cerebellum
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corpus collosum
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a large fiber bundle connecting one cerebral hemisphere with the other. allows for transfer of info from one hemisphere to the other
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Where is the cerebrum?
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central solcus. separates the frontal from parietal
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gryi
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ridges
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sulci
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grooves
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frontal lobe
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before central solcus. motor function
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parietal lobe
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behind central solcus. sensory function
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temporal lobe
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lateral solcus. auditory function
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occipital lobe
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visual function
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insula
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deep to lateral sulcus. thought to integrate nervous activity
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primary motor area
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4. pre central gyrus. controls movement
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primary sensory area
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3, 1, 2. post central gyrus. perception of sensory impulses
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area for hearing
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41, 42. hearing. perception and identifying sound
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visual area
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17, 18, 19. vision. perception and identification of images
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broca's area
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44, 45. speech. opposite side of brain that you write with controls speech
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wernicke's area
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22. understand and compose written words. dyslexia
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Which two major pairs of blood vessels supply the brain?
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internal carotid and vertebral arteries
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middle cerebral artery
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supplies lateral surface of cerebrum (upper limb)
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anterior cerebral artery
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supplies medial surface of cerebrum (lower limb)
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venous drainage
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veins draining the brain empty into folds of dura called dural venous sinuses. blood is then carried to the internal jugular vein. (CSF is also absorbed into the venous sinuses.
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medulla oblongata
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located in the foramen magnum. contains cardiovascular and respiratory centers. motor and sensory decussation (cross-over)
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pons
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located superior to medulla. contains part of respiratory center
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midbrain
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located superior to pons. contains auditory and visual reflex centers
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what does the diencephalon contain?
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the thalamus and hypothalamus
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thalamus
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located superior to midbrain. contains relay center for all sensations except smell
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hypothalamus
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located superior to midbrain. it controls the sleep/wake cycle, eating, and autonomic NS connections with pituitary glands.
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reticular activating center
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column of neurons that are located in the middle of the brain stem from the thalamus to the medulla. these neurons maintain a conscious state. when damaged, coma may result.
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cerebellum
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coordinates movement (flexor and extensor muscles)
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basal ganglia
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initiates movements in an adult and controls movements of newborn babies
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substantia nigra
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involved in gross movements. when it is damages, parkinson's disease develops
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limbic system
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formed by many parts of the brain. has many functions such as sex drive. major memory center
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Lecture 13