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JOUR-J 110 : EXAM 1
What's so modern about mass communication? |
- Instant news: live coverage
- constant coverage, not only news when it happens, but before it happens ("feeding the goat")
- heavy analysis, not just what happened but what it means
- visuals: photos and graphics |
Communication |
messages sent out to other people, the way people interact in the world, how something gets distributed or spoken, key component to globalization, social interaction through messages |
What are the 4 levels of communication? |
Intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, mass
|
Intrapersonal |
communication within yourself, how you fill your consciousness, "head games" |
Interpersonal
|
communication one-on-one with someone |
Group |
one person is communicating with an audience of two or more people |
Mass |
society-wide communication in which an indvidual or institution uses technology to send messages to a large, mixed audience, most of whose members are not known to the sender
|
What's the difference between mass communication and mass media? |
Mass communication is a process of communicating while mass media is a channel of communication |
SMCR |
Sender Message Channel Receiver, journalist receives small bit of information from a source (sender), needs more information so asks for it (encoder), noise may interrupt the channel (language barrier, internet falling out, censorship) information may be interpreted incorrectly or in a different way (decoder), sends story out to society (receiver) |
Ritual Model of Communication |
Looks at how and why audience members (receivers) consume media messages |
Publicity
Model of Communication |
a model of mass communication process that looks at how media attention can make a person, concept or thing become important regardless of what is said about it, more about prominent people |
reception model of communication |
a critical theory model of the mass communication process that looks at how audience members derive and create meaning out of media content as they decode messages |
Evolution of Mass Communication |
Cave Paintings --> ppl used to communicate through them
Early forms of writings --> hieroglyphics, the rosetta stone
Roman Catholic Church --> reach over Europe and the Middle East |
Propaganda |
biased, trying to sway one way or another. advertising to inflict emotion or change opinion |
models of media effects |
Brenda watches a TV commercial about a new miracle diet pill that works without exercise or eating healthy. She believes it will work and immediately orders it online. |
Agenda Setting Functions of the News (McCombs & Shawn, 1971) |
- The media doesn't tell us what to think, but what to think about
- Person A reads an article about the President's position not attending the Sochi Olympics, Person A disagrees with this position
- Person B reads the same article, Person B agrees with this position
- The media encourages people to think about things and develop an opinion about it, the media does not dictate the positions of these people, but causes them to think about the topic |
Agenda setting function of the news, possible agenda items |
politics, economics, foreign policy, education, healthcare, celebrities, sports
|
3 important Gan's news Values |
Ethnocentrism, Altruistic Democracy, Individualism |
Ethnocentrism |
The idea that your own country and culture are better than all others |
Altruistic Democracy |
The idea that politicians should serve the public good, not their own interests. This leads to stories that are critical of corrupt politicians. |
Individualism |
The constant quest to identify the one person who makes a difference. People like the notion that one person can make a difference, that we are all cogs in a giant machine |
Neggative Effects of Media |
Make things seem worse than they are, social illneses, media can consume people, violence in bideo games, makes people lazy, distraction, social learning theory (Bobo doll experiment) |
Cultivation |
theory that television can have effect on viewers, originally by george Gerbner |
Mean World Syndrome |
Means you see things in the media such as violent tv shows, crimes in the news, identity theft advertisement, etc makes your view of the world fearful and paranoid |
Pro-Social Media Effects |
Pro social: "Socially desirable and which in some way benefits other persons or society at large" any definition of pro social involves a level of value judgement, "looking out for #1" prepares for competitive world |
Media Enjoyment |
- Elevation & Appreciation
- Witnessing Moral Beauty
- Inspiration
- Emotional pulls
- Excitement and fun
- Example: Anchorman vs. 12 Years a Slave
|
Development of Private ownership in the U.S. |
1700's: Newspapers were associated with political parties, funded by high subscription fees |
Growth of National News |
1800s: Newspapers & Magazines
1930s: Radio
1950s: TV
1980s: Cable TV
|
Media Conglomerates |
1983: 90% owned by 50 companies
2012: 90% owned by 6 companies
Bertelsmann: largest publisher |
Changes in Big Media |
- Conglomerates splitting up
- New companies becoming important
- Vertical integration: controlling all aspects of a media project
- Production, delivery, promotion |
Long Tail Media |
- High # of goods
- more niche goods than hits
- low cost of reaching markets
- ease of finding niche goods
- tailors to personal tastes
- consequences: democratization of the means of production of means of distribution |
Vertical Integration |
-Production
-Distribution
-Exhibition
-Sale: All 1 type of media, content vs conduct or BOTH, increase of free-based video content leading to more vertical integration |
Horizontal Integration |
Owning different types of media, increased horizontal integration has been fostered by digital technology, Radio, TV, Print > all online and all digital, convergence |
Globalization |
Global market place = BIGGER, Overseas--> U.S., U.S. --> Overseas |
Rationale behind increased media globalization |
U.S. markets saturated, media conglomerates easily dominate local media, low cost to produce similar material |
Cultural Imperialism |
Uneven flow of ideas and media, U.S. exports more than its imports, Western media is undermining local culture, traditions, and values, replaces with consumerist ideology, BUT: western media products help topple dictators, hybrid forms of media emerge in locales
|
Limits on Media Conglomeration |
1975: FCC passed Newspaper & Broadcast Cross-Ownership Rule, which prohibits ownership of a daily newspaper and full-power broadcast station that serviced the same community
1976: Telecommunications Act loosened rules, but still technically they apply |
What is News? |
-Timeliness
-Proximity
-Prominence
-Impact
-Rarity
-Human Interest |
Early Newspapers |
Ancient Rome: Acta Diurna
China (600s): Tpao
Amsterdam (1618): Cuaranto, 1st English-language paper, distributed through European coffee houses, Church reformers John Calvin & Martin Luther were among the earliest publishers
|
Publick Occurences |
1690, only lasted for 1 edition, went out of business due to government intervention
|
New England Curant |
1721, James Franklin (Ben's brother), 1st paper published without "By Authority" notice, James was sent to prison, Ben took over |
Early American Newspapers |
For the elite, published by political parties, focused on opinion, expensive, small circulations, everything changed after the penny press
|
Penny Press Revolution |
-Benjamin Day's The New York Sun: it shines for all of us
- Sold on street for 1 or 2 cents
- Supported by advertising
-Started to focus on "news"
-Journalistic objectivity developed as a way to appeal to larger audiences: multiple sides of an issue, avoiding appearance of bias |
Modern Democratic Society |
More newspapers, more people working for wages, U.S. was changing - RURAL --> Urban, Promoted a democratic market-based society |
Joseph Pulitzer |
New York World, Creation of front page, Headlines with news, Targeted immigrants and women
|
William Randolph Hearst |
New York Journal, Rise of "yellow journalism", popularized comics, sensationalistic stories which fueld flames of the Spanish-American War |
Tabloids |
Smaller format, sensationalistic, sometimes/usually false information |
Newspapers Today |
Fewer cities have competing daily newspapers, revenues falling, worst problems in metropolitan area, most owned by large chains |
Are Newspapers Dying? |
National newspapers = profitable, holding onto circulation, most job losses have been at major urban papers, most going to all-online format |
21st Century Newspapers |
Trying to get paid for online content, offering mobile sites, podcast, and social media feed, paying more attention to hyperlocal news |
Where did the term "News McNuggets" come from?
|
USA Today |
Empirical |
Testable, provable, verifiable, derived from experience & evidence |
What to look for in Journalism of Verification |
Effort of verification, multiple sources, evidence of digging beyond what sources say, signal what is not yet known |
Journalism of Assertion |
Speed value more than accuracy: 24/7 news cycle, news sources have more control, marketplace view of the truth
What to look for: live not edited, stenography, little push-back from moderators |
Journalism of Affirmation |
very profitable-->audience loyalty
argument culture-->given way to Answer Culture
What to look for: Answers, ideology, no separation between news & analysis |
Interest- Group Journalism |
Think tanks, political groups, well-financed private groups producing their own reporting, often picked up by other resources-strapped news outlets |
Philo T. Farnsworth |
1927: Farnsworth transmits an image of a straight line |
TV growth |
1939: NBS shows New York World's Fair, but few households had a TV
1942: America enters WWII, production stops
1946: RCA starts making TVs again, but from 1948-1952 licensing of new TV stations is frozen by FCC
1949-1959: went from 1,000,000 to 50,000,000 TV sets in use |
The Big Three |
-Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)
-National Broadcasting Company (NBC)
-American Broadcasting Company (ABC)
-result of FCC forcing NBC to sell off one of its networks |
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 |
Funding for noncommercial educational programming |
Public Broadcasting System |
Non-profit Network, funded by government, private industries, and viewer donations |
Changes in Technology and Content |
1970s: FCC loosens restriction on Cable and Satellite
1975: Home Box Office (HBO) gets permission to send nationwide programming
-NBC, CBS, ABC don't object
-HBO 1st network to continuously deliver signal via satellite
1976: Ted Turner launches WTBS
-Air via RCA satellite
1980: Ted Turner launches CNN
1982: Ted Turner launches CNN Headline News
1986: Rupert Murdoch starts Fox Network
-Simpsons --> married with children
-Hit big time with NFL rights |
Cable TV |
Offered new channels (BET, Nickelodeon, ESPN) half of all American households have cable service |
Videocassette Recorder |
1970s: VCRs available
1985: 2 out of 10 homes had one
1999: 9 out of 10 homes had one |
TV does digital |
2009: Analog TV broadcast stations cease
- HDTV
- SDTV
(Picture isn't as good) |
Nielsen People Meter |
-Ratings: % of total audience
-Shares: % of TV sets in use
-Sweeps: February, May, July, November. Higher ratings during sweeps, ability to charge more for commercials
|
Morality codes and network "standards and practices" department
|
1950s: Obscenity vs Indecency
-Obscenity: sex on TV, ACTS
-Indecency:talking about acts, foul language
|
"An earthquake in slow motion" |
Changes in broadcast networks due to changes in technology, digital convergence of TV and Internet, "cut the cord", Itunes and Amazon prime |
What's on TV? |
-Netflix: non-network, non-cable content
-Reality TV: it's cheap!
-Audience interaction is easy |
Who's on TV? |
-Lots of white, urban, young people
-Lots of male leads as well
-More diversity cropping up (niche channels)
-Univision and Telemundo |
TV as a major social force, unique characteristics |
Watching requires no special skill, can assume role of parents and teachers, despite audence fragmentation; TV is still dominant shared cultural experience (ie: The Olympics) |
Newton N. Minow 1961 |
"When TV is good there is nothing better, when bad there is nothing worse"
"Vast wasteland" |
Walter Cronkite |
"And that's the way it is" |
Sunday, December 17, 1941 |
Pearl Harbor, WCBW - less than 90 minutes ago, interrupted TV |
NBC Newsreel (1948) |
Began with 15 minutes of news, Later turned to 30 minutes of news |
See it now |
Edward R. Murrow, Fred Friendly, CBS 1951, 60's print media |
March 9, 1954 |
"A report on Senator Joseph McCarthy" Edward R. Murrow, The Cold War |
Barbra Walter
|
1st female news anchor |
Era of:
Brokaw (NBC)
Jennings (ABC)
Rather (NBC) |
... |
9/11 and After |
-America in fear
-All over TV for days and days
-Takes over TV news each anniversary
|
TV Today |
55% of Americans get news from TV
21% from Internet
9% from Newspapers
40% of local newscasts studies consist of sports, weather, and traffic reports
TV is incorporating Internet |
Why TV News Matters |
-uninformed
-somewhat uninformed
-news junkies
-trying to appeal to all |
The ARPA Network |
-Advanced Research Projects Agency
-December 1969 |
Principles & Values of the Internet |
-Information should be available through the same information space
-All documents on the web should be equally accessible
-Users should be able to access/create any type of material from any type of computer
-No central control of the Web |
3 types of Communication, Internet & Communication |
Interpersonal, Group, Mass |
Net Neutrality |
Promise vs. Reality
-Only 6.7% of Africa has access to the Internet
-80% of the web is in English
-Arab Spring tempered by government surveillance using new tools |
Promise vs. Reality |
Cookies: Small files stored on users computer, allows tailored advertising
Surveillance: NSA can get records from Google, Verizon, etc. |
Walter Lippmann |
Problem:
- worried about state of journalism in 20th century
- journalism isn't serving the interest of democracy
-journalists were "untrained amateurs" not enough professional training
-Schools should deepen curriculum
-World has grown too complex
-Increasing importance of administrative process over legislation
-Too hard to report world accurately
Answer:
-Political Observatories
|
Political Observatories |
-Organizations that provide journalists with information, expert political intelligence using scientific instruments, methods and cut looks
-"Machines of record" |
Michael Schudson |
Good News:
-Internal government audits
-Academic research
-Non-profit advocacy groups
-Legislation since 70s = more government audits
- Required more transparency in government & business operations
- INTERNET: exploded available databases packed with information |
Advertising |
-We see more than 150 ads per day
-Culturally omnipresent
-1984 Super Bowl: apple introduces mac, ad only shown the one time
-The Odd Couple: Journalism & Advertising, fuzzy dividing line |
4 Groups involved in Advertising |
-The client
-The agency (creative, media planning)
-The media
-The audience |
Vals |
-Values Attitudes & Lifestyles
-Developed 1978
-Attempts to identify psychological motivations for consumer behavior |
Targeting & Tailoring |
-Targeting: making messages for specific groups of people
-Tailoring: based on individual, messages for a certain person
-Good AdWords
-Good AdSense |
Public Relations |
Advertising & Society:
-Perpetuates stereotypes
-Shapes our ideal body image
-Targets the vulnerable
-Contributes to childhood obesity
-Drug mongering
-Educates public about products they may need or want
-Provides jobs
-Provides service information |
What is PR? |
Management function that establishes & maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization & the publics on who its success or failure depends |
What is the public? |
any group of people who share a common set of interests & goals |
Types of PR |
-In-house agency
-Media relations
-Sports information
-Crisis communication
-Corporate/industry
-Non-profit
-Political
-Health campaigns |
Origins of PR |
American Revolution |
Paying for good press |
Ivy Lee & telling the truth
Edward L Bernays applied social scientific research to PR
|
Functions of PR |
Informing, Persuading, and Integrating
|
Public Relations Process (ROPES) |
Research
Objects
Programming
Evaluation
Stewardship |
Crisis Management |
-Be prepared: have a crisis plan
-Be honest: liars get caught, cover ups are bad PR
-Apologize & mean it
-Move quickly: don't dillly dally
-Communicate with press & other constituencies |