JOUR-J 110 : EXAM 1
103 Cards in this Set
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What's so modern about mass communication?
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- Instant news: live coverage
- constant coverage, not only news when it happens, but before it happens ("feeding the goat")
- heavy analysis, not just what happened but what it means
- visuals: photos and graphics
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Communication
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messages sent out to other people, the way people interact in the world, how something gets distributed or spoken, key component to globalization, social interaction through messages
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What are the 4 levels of communication?
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Intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, mass
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Intrapersonal
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communication within yourself, how you fill your consciousness, "head games"
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Interpersonal
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communication one-on-one with someone
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Group
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one person is communicating with an audience of two or more people
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Mass
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society-wide communication in which an indvidual or institution uses technology to send messages to a large, mixed audience, most of whose members are not known to the sender
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What's the difference between mass communication and mass media?
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Mass communication is a process of communicating while mass media is a channel of communication
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SMCR
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Sender Message Channel Receiver, journalist receives small bit of information from a source (sender), needs more information so asks for it (encoder), noise may interrupt the channel (language barrier, internet falling out, censorship) information may be interpreted incorrectly or in a di…
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Ritual Model of Communication
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Looks at how and why audience members (receivers) consume media messages
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Publicity
Model of Communication
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a model of mass communication process that looks at how media attention can make a person, concept or thing become important regardless of what is said about it, more about prominent people
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reception model of communication
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a critical theory model of the mass communication process that looks at how audience members derive and create meaning out of media content as they decode messages
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Evolution of Mass Communication
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Cave Paintings --> ppl used to communicate through them
Early forms of writings --> hieroglyphics, the rosetta stone
Roman Catholic Church --> reach over Europe and the Middle East
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Propaganda
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biased, trying to sway one way or another. advertising to inflict emotion or change opinion
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models of media effects
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Brenda watches a TV commercial about a new miracle diet pill that works without exercise or eating healthy. She believes it will work and immediately orders it online.
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Agenda Setting Functions of the News (McCombs & Shawn, 1971)
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- The media doesn't tell us what to think, but what to think about
- Person A reads an article about the President's position not attending the Sochi Olympics, Person A disagrees with this position
- Person B reads the same article, Person B agrees with this position
- The media encour…
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Agenda setting function of the news, possible agenda items
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politics, economics, foreign policy, education, healthcare, celebrities, sports
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3 important Gan's news Values
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Ethnocentrism, Altruistic Democracy, Individualism
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Ethnocentrism
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The idea that your own country and culture are better than all others
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Altruistic Democracy
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The idea that politicians should serve the public good, not their own interests. This leads to stories that are critical of corrupt politicians.
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Individualism
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The constant quest to identify the one person who makes a difference. People like the notion that one person can make a difference, that we are all cogs in a giant machine
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Neggative Effects of Media
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Make things seem worse than they are, social illneses, media can consume people, violence in bideo games, makes people lazy, distraction, social learning theory (Bobo doll experiment)
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Cultivation
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theory that television can have effect on viewers, originally by george Gerbner
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Mean World Syndrome
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Means you see things in the media such as violent tv shows, crimes in the news, identity theft advertisement, etc makes your view of the world fearful and paranoid
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Pro-Social Media Effects
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Pro social: "Socially desirable and which in some way benefits other persons or society at large" any definition of pro social involves a level of value judgement, "looking out for #1" prepares for competitive world
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Media Enjoyment
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- Elevation & Appreciation
- Witnessing Moral Beauty
- Inspiration
- Emotional pulls
- Excitement and fun
- Example: Anchorman vs. 12 Years a Slave
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Development of Private ownership in the U.S.
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1700's: Newspapers were associated with political parties, funded by high subscription fees
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Growth of National News
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1800s: Newspapers & Magazines
1930s: Radio
1950s: TV
1980s: Cable TV
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Media Conglomerates
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1983: 90% owned by 50 companies
2012: 90% owned by 6 companies
Bertelsmann: largest publisher
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Changes in Big Media
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- Conglomerates splitting up
- New companies becoming important
- Vertical integration: controlling all aspects of a media project
- Production, delivery, promotion
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Long Tail Media
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- High # of goods
- more niche goods than hits
- low cost of reaching markets
- ease of finding niche goods
- tailors to personal tastes
- consequences: democratization of the means of production of means of distribution
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Vertical Integration
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-Production
-Distribution
-Exhibition
-Sale: All 1 type of media, content vs conduct or BOTH, increase of free-based video content leading to more vertical integration
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Horizontal Integration
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Owning different types of media, increased horizontal integration has been fostered by digital technology, Radio, TV, Print > all online and all digital, convergence
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Globalization
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Global market place = BIGGER, Overseas--> U.S., U.S. --> Overseas
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Rationale behind increased media globalization
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U.S. markets saturated, media conglomerates easily dominate local media, low cost to produce similar material
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Cultural Imperialism
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Uneven flow of ideas and media, U.S. exports more than its imports, Western media is undermining local culture, traditions, and values, replaces with consumerist ideology, BUT: western media products help topple dictators, hybrid forms of media emerge in locales
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Limits on Media Conglomeration
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1975: FCC passed Newspaper & Broadcast Cross-Ownership Rule, which prohibits ownership of a daily newspaper and full-power broadcast station that serviced the same community
1976: Telecommunications Act loosened rules, but still technically they apply
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What is News?
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-Timeliness
-Proximity
-Prominence
-Impact
-Rarity
-Human Interest
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Early Newspapers
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Ancient Rome: Acta Diurna
China (600s): Tpao
Amsterdam (1618): Cuaranto, 1st English-language paper, distributed through European coffee houses, Church reformers John Calvin & Martin Luther were among the earliest publishers
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Publick Occurences
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1690, only lasted for 1 edition, went out of business due to government intervention
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New England Curant
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1721, James Franklin (Ben's brother), 1st paper published without "By Authority" notice, James was sent to prison, Ben took over
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Early American Newspapers
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For the elite, published by political parties, focused on opinion, expensive, small circulations, everything changed after the penny press
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Penny Press Revolution
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-Benjamin Day's The New York Sun: it shines for all of us
- Sold on street for 1 or 2 cents
- Supported by advertising
-Started to focus on "news"
-Journalistic objectivity developed as a way to appeal to larger audiences: multiple sides of an issue, avoiding appearance of bias
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Modern Democratic Society
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More newspapers, more people working for wages, U.S. was changing - RURAL --> Urban, Promoted a democratic market-based society
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Joseph Pulitzer
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New York World, Creation of front page, Headlines with news, Targeted immigrants and women
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William Randolph Hearst
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New York Journal, Rise of "yellow journalism", popularized comics, sensationalistic stories which fueld flames of the Spanish-American War
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Tabloids
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Smaller format, sensationalistic, sometimes/usually false information
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Newspapers Today
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Fewer cities have competing daily newspapers, revenues falling, worst problems in metropolitan area, most owned by large chains
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Are Newspapers Dying?
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National newspapers = profitable, holding onto circulation, most job losses have been at major urban papers, most going to all-online format
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21st Century Newspapers
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Trying to get paid for online content, offering mobile sites, podcast, and social media feed, paying more attention to hyperlocal news
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Where did the term "News McNuggets" come from?
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USA Today
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Empirical
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Testable, provable, verifiable, derived from experience & evidence
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What to look for in Journalism of Verification
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Effort of verification, multiple sources, evidence of digging beyond what sources say, signal what is not yet known
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Journalism of Assertion
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Speed value more than accuracy: 24/7 news cycle, news sources have more control, marketplace view of the truth
What to look for: live not edited, stenography, little push-back from moderators
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Journalism of Affirmation
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very profitable-->audience loyalty
argument culture-->given way to Answer Culture
What to look for: Answers, ideology, no separation between news & analysis
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Interest- Group Journalism
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Think tanks, political groups, well-financed private groups producing their own reporting, often picked up by other resources-strapped news outlets
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Philo T. Farnsworth
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1927: Farnsworth transmits an image of a straight line
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TV growth
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1939: NBS shows New York World's Fair, but few households had a TV
1942: America enters WWII, production stops
1946: RCA starts making TVs again, but from 1948-1952 licensing of new TV stations is frozen by FCC
1949-1959: went from 1,000,000 to 50,000,000 TV sets in use
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The Big Three
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-Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)
-National Broadcasting Company (NBC)
-American Broadcasting Company (ABC)
-result of FCC forcing NBC to sell off one of its networks
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Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
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Funding for noncommercial educational programming
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Public Broadcasting System
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Non-profit Network, funded by government, private industries, and viewer donations
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Changes in Technology and Content
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1970s: FCC loosens restriction on Cable and Satellite
1975: Home Box Office (HBO) gets permission to send nationwide programming
-NBC, CBS, ABC don't object
-HBO 1st network to continuously deliver signal via satellite
1976: Ted Turner launches WTBS
-Air via RCA satellite
1980: Ted …
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Cable TV
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Offered new channels (BET, Nickelodeon, ESPN) half of all American households have cable service
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Videocassette Recorder
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1970s: VCRs available
1985: 2 out of 10 homes had one
1999: 9 out of 10 homes had one
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TV does digital
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2009: Analog TV broadcast stations cease
- HDTV
- SDTV
(Picture isn't as good)
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Nielsen People Meter
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-Ratings: % of total audience
-Shares: % of TV sets in use
-Sweeps: February, May, July, November. Higher ratings during sweeps, ability to charge more for commercials
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Morality codes and network "standards and practices" department
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1950s: Obscenity vs Indecency
-Obscenity: sex on TV, ACTS
-Indecency:talking about acts, foul language
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"An earthquake in slow motion"
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Changes in broadcast networks due to changes in technology, digital convergence of TV and Internet, "cut the cord", Itunes and Amazon prime
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What's on TV?
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-Netflix: non-network, non-cable content
-Reality TV: it's cheap!
-Audience interaction is easy
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Who's on TV?
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-Lots of white, urban, young people
-Lots of male leads as well
-More diversity cropping up (niche channels)
-Univision and Telemundo
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TV as a major social force, unique characteristics
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Watching requires no special skill, can assume role of parents and teachers, despite audence fragmentation; TV is still dominant shared cultural experience (ie: The Olympics)
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Newton N. Minow 1961
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"When TV is good there is nothing better, when bad there is nothing worse"
"Vast wasteland"
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Walter Cronkite
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"And that's the way it is"
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Sunday, December 17, 1941
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Pearl Harbor, WCBW - less than 90 minutes ago, interrupted TV
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NBC Newsreel (1948)
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Began with 15 minutes of news, Later turned to 30 minutes of news
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See it now
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Edward R. Murrow, Fred Friendly, CBS 1951, 60's print media
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March 9, 1954
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"A report on Senator Joseph McCarthy" Edward R. Murrow, The Cold War
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Barbra Walter
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1st female news anchor
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Era of:
Brokaw (NBC)
Jennings (ABC)
Rather (NBC)
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...
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9/11 and After
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-America in fear
-All over TV for days and days
-Takes over TV news each anniversary
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TV Today
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55% of Americans get news from TV
21% from Internet
9% from Newspapers
40% of local newscasts studies consist of sports, weather, and traffic reports
TV is incorporating Internet
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Why TV News Matters
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-uninformed
-somewhat uninformed
-news junkies
-trying to appeal to all
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The ARPA Network
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-Advanced Research Projects Agency
-December 1969
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Principles & Values of the Internet
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-Information should be available through the same information space
-All documents on the web should be equally accessible
-Users should be able to access/create any type of material from any type of computer
-No central control of the Web
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3 types of Communication, Internet & Communication
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Interpersonal, Group, Mass
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Net Neutrality
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Promise vs. Reality
-Only 6.7% of Africa has access to the Internet
-80% of the web is in English
-Arab Spring tempered by government surveillance using new tools
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Promise vs. Reality
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Cookies: Small files stored on users computer, allows tailored advertising
Surveillance: NSA can get records from Google, Verizon, etc.
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Walter Lippmann
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Problem:
- worried about state of journalism in 20th century
- journalism isn't serving the interest of democracy
-journalists were "untrained amateurs" not enough professional training
-Schools should deepen curriculum
-World has grown too complex
-Increasing importance of adminis…
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Political Observatories
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-Organizations that provide journalists with information, expert political intelligence using scientific instruments, methods and cut looks
-"Machines of record"
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Michael Schudson
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Good News:
-Internal government audits
-Academic research
-Non-profit advocacy groups
-Legislation since 70s = more government audits
- Required more transparency in government & business operations
- INTERNET: exploded available databases packed with information
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Advertising
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-We see more than 150 ads per day
-Culturally omnipresent
-1984 Super Bowl: apple introduces mac, ad only shown the one time
-The Odd Couple: Journalism & Advertising, fuzzy dividing line
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4 Groups involved in Advertising
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-The client
-The agency (creative, media planning)
-The media
-The audience
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Vals
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-Values Attitudes & Lifestyles
-Developed 1978
-Attempts to identify psychological motivations for consumer behavior
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Targeting & Tailoring
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-Targeting: making messages for specific groups of people
-Tailoring: based on individual, messages for a certain person
-Good AdWords
-Good AdSense
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Public Relations
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Advertising & Society:
-Perpetuates stereotypes
-Shapes our ideal body image
-Targets the vulnerable
-Contributes to childhood obesity
-Drug mongering
-Educates public about products they may need or want
-Provides jobs
-Provides service information
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What is PR?
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Management function that establishes & maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization & the publics on who its success or failure depends
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What is the public?
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any group of people who share a common set of interests & goals
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Types of PR
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-In-house agency
-Media relations
-Sports information
-Crisis communication
-Corporate/industry
-Non-profit
-Political
-Health campaigns
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Origins of PR
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American Revolution
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Paying for good press
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Ivy Lee & telling the truth
Edward L Bernays applied social scientific research to PR
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Functions of PR
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Informing, Persuading, and Integrating
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Public Relations Process (ROPES)
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Research
Objects
Programming
Evaluation
Stewardship
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Crisis Management
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-Be prepared: have a crisis plan
-Be honest: liars get caught, cover ups are bad PR
-Apologize & mean it
-Move quickly: don't dillly dally
-Communicate with press & other constituencies
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JOUR-J 110: EXAM 2