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TEL-T 205 : FINAL EXAM
Inequality |
The unequal distribution of valued goods and opportunities in society. |
Structural Inequality |
The bias that is built into the structure of organizations, institutions, governments, or social networks. |
Groups |
Collections of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations regarding one another's behavior.
|
Social Stratification |
The subfield of sociology that examines inequalities among individuals and groups. |
5 Dimensions of Structural Inequality |
1) Education
2) Spatial
3) Healthcare
4) Employment
5) Financial |
Ghetto |
A part of a city in which members of a minority group live, especially because of social, legal, or economic pressure.
|
Class |
A term used to identify groups of people in similar social and economic positions who have similar... |
4 Components of Class |
Comprised of people sharing a similar economic situation who have:
1) Conflicting economic interests with other classes
2) Share similar life chances
3) Have similar attitudes & behaviors (Habitus)
4) Have the potential to engage in collective action. |
The Marxian System |
The Bourgeoisie: Those who owned the means of production.
The Proletariat: Those who worked for the owners in return for pay |
The Current System |
Upper Class
Middle Class
Working Class |
Upper Class |
Those who own the means of production (top 1 t0 2%) |
Middle Class |
Between upper & lower; salary from $27,000-$250,000. |
Working (Lower) Class |
Sometimes associated with or distinguished from the lower class or poor. |
Weber's Three-Component Theory of Stratification |
Class (enduring), Status (Prestige), Power |
Three Functions of Underclass Connotations |
1) Institutional scapegoating
2) Power Shifting
3) Spatial Stigmatization
|
Family of Orientation |
The people linked to us by birth (parents, siblings) |
Family of Procreation |
The relatives we gain over the course of lives through marriage and childbearing (spouses, partners, children) |
Line Marriage |
A form of group marriage in which the family unit continues to ad new spouses of both sexes over time so that the marriage does not end. |
Socialization |
The process through which individuals encounter and internalize norms, values, and world views through interaction with others. |
Primary Socialization |
Socialization that occurs early in a person's life, usually within the home. |
Secondary Socialization |
Socialization that occurs throughout one's life, usually outside the home, as individuals interact with peers, and institutions, such as school and the workplace. |
Concerted Cultivation |
A middle class parenting style that actively fosters and assesses children's a lents, opinions, and skills, resulting in an emerging sense of entitlement. |
Accomplishment of Natural Growth |
A parenting style common among the working class and poor wherein children are given the freedom to structure their own lives, often resulting in an emerging sense of constraint. |
Socialization Theory |
Education transmits knowledge, skills, and values that persist in adulthood and that employers believe increase productivity. |
Allocation Theory |
Education channels people in position or institutions that offer different opportunities or continuing to think, learn, and earn.Correspondence Principle |
Correspondence Principle |
Children receive different types of education based solely on their social standing rather than their inherent abilities. This serves to maintain class boundaries. |
Educational Tracking |
Separation of students into Persisting academic groups based on perceived ability. |
Hidden Curriculum |
The often unstated standards of behavior that teachers and administrators expect from children within the educational system.
-These often unstated expectations may reflect the middle-class biases and norms of school professionals. |
Sex |
Whether a person is classified as male or female based on anatomical or chromosomal criteria
Ex: Penis/vagina. |
Gender |
The ways that social forces create differences between men's and women's behavior, preferences, treatment, and opportunities, and the characteristics of men and women that reflect these forces |
Sexual Orientation |
Whether one sexual attractions are to members of the same sex, the other, or both. |
Essentialism |
The view that members of a group share a fundamental inherited, innate, and fixed quality or characteristics.
---Presumes that genders & races are natural grouping whose boundaries are determined by deep-seated and unchangeable traits that are found within each individual. |
Hegomonic Masculinity |
The culturally idealized form of manhood that reinforces the dominant social position of men, and the subordinate social position of women. |
Sexism |
Discrimination or devaluation based on a persons gender, as in restricted job opportunities; especially such discrimination directed against women. |
The Bechdel Test |
1) Are there more than two women (named) characters in a film
2)Do they interact with each other
3)If they do, do they talk about something other than men. |
Hostile Sexism |
Reflects overtly negative evaluations and stereotypes about women. |
Benevolent Sexism |
Represents evaluations of women that may appear subjectively positive, but are actually damaging to women and gender equity more broadly. |
Deceptive Distinctions |
Those sex differences that arise out of the roles individuals occupy, rather than some innate force
-Ex: Woman who is a nurse and she behaves in a nurturing way.
|
Double Blind |
A situation in which a person is faced with contradictory demands or expectations, so that any action taken will appear to be wrong. |
Secret Tests: |
Social Strategies that people use to acquire knowledge about the state of their romantic relationships
---Ex: Direct Questioning, Asking Third Parties, Trial Intimacy Moves, Taken for Granted Tests, Endurance Tests, Jealousy Tests, & Fidelity Checks. |
4 Components of Emotion |
1). Appraisals of a situational stimulus or context
2). Changes in physiology or bodily sensations
3). The free or inhibited display of expressive gestures
4). A Cultural label. |
Feelings |
Includes the experience of physical drive states (ex: hunger, pain, etc. |
Affects |
Positive & Negative evaluations (liking/disliking) of an object, behavior, or idea. |
Moods |
More chronic emotional states, usually less intense, and less tightly tied to an eliciting situation. |
Sentiments |
Socially constructed patterns of sensations, expressive gestures, and cultural meanings organized around a relationship to a social object.
-Ex: romantic love, parental love, loyalty
-Also more transient, acute emotional responses to social losses (sorrow, envy) and gains (pride, gratitude). |
Feeling Rules |
Reliefs about the appropriate range, intensity, duration, and targets of private feelings in given situations. |
Emotion Work (Management) |
Inducing or inhibiting feelings so as to render them "appropriate" to a situation.
|
Emotional Labor |
A form or emotion regulation that creates a publicly visible facial and bodily display. (Specifically in a job context). |
Sexuality |
-The character or quality of being sexual
- Sexual behavior, desires, and fantasies the things people actually do as well as the things we think or dream about doing. |
Pederasty |
A socially acknowledged erotic relationship between an adult male and a younger male usually in his teens |
Asexuality |
The lack of sexual attraction, or low or absent interest in sexual activity. |
Sexual Response Cycle |
1). Appetitive Phase
2). Excitement Phase
3). Orgasm Phase
4). Resolution Phase |
Sex in Sociology: Sexual Scripts |
1). Cultural Scenarios->
2). Interpersonal Scripts->Ways we talk about sex w/ people
3). Intra-Psychic Scripts-> Feelings and thoughts about sex.
|
Race |
A system for classifying people who are believed to share common descent, based on perceived innate physical similarities |
Ethnicity |
A socially defined category of people who identity with each other based on a shared social experience or ancestry.
|
Barbarian |
A person who is perceived to be primitive or uncivilized. Comes from the greek "barbaros," which mimics the way they say foreign languages as sounding |
Racism |
Prejudice against individuals who are members of particular racial or ethnic group, often drawing on negative stereotypes about the group |
Prejudice |
Negative beliefs or attitudes held about entire groups |
Discrimination |
Behavior that harms, excludes, or disadvantages individuals on the basis of their group membership. |
Individual Level of Racism |
Internal- Things inside
Interpersonal- Racism through interactions with someone |
Systematic Level of Racism |
Institutional- Single institution; policies
Structural- All the institutions put together; culture |
Religion |
-Sets of beliefs, symbols, and practices about the reality of the super empirical order that make claims to organize and guide human life.
-A unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say apart and forbidden, beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community, called a church, all those who adhere to them |
The 3 B's |
Belief, Behavior, Belonging |
Religious Organizational Structure |
Churches, Sects, Denominations, Cults |
Fundamentalist Religion |
Barrier between themselves and the world. |
Evangelical Religion |
Go out and bring people into the fold/spread word |
Sacred |
Those things that are worthy of awe and special treatment and are not mundane or everyday parts of life. |
Profane |
Things not devoted to holy or religious purposes unconsecrated; secular |
Contemptus Mund |
"To hold this world in Contempt" |
Nomos |
-An individual's fundamental assumption about how the universe works, it's purpose, and it's order
-The socially established Nomos [is] a shield against terror. Put differently, the most important function of society is nomization. |
3 Stages of Belief |
Doxa- Old
Orthodoxy- Return to old
Heterodoxy- Change to new
|
Social Control |
The formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity |
Utilitarianism (Deterrence: Looking to the future) |
Theory of punishment that relies on treat of harsh punishment to discourage people from committing crimes.
|
Retributivism (retribution: Backward Looking) |
Theory of punishment that emphasizes moral condemnation for crimes already committed. |
Deviance |
A behavior, trait, or belief that departs from a norm and generates a negative reaction in a particular group. |
Crime |
The violation of a norm that has been codified into law.
|
Four types of Crime |
1). Violent Crime
2). Property Crime
3). White Collar Crime
4). Drug Crime
|
Structural Strain Theory |
Theory -States that there are goals in our society that people want to achieve, but they cannot always reach these goals. This creates stress (or strain)
-Means / Goal box of accepting or rejecting |
Differential Association Theory |
States that we learn deviance from hanging around deviant peers |
Labeling Theory |
-States that deviance is caused by external judgments (labels) that change a person's self-concept and the way that others respond to that person.
-Label encourages our behavior |