TEL-T 205 : FINAL EXAM
80 Cards in this Set
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Inequality
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The unequal distribution of valued goods and opportunities in society.
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Structural Inequality
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The bias that is built into the structure of organizations, institutions, governments, or social networks.
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Groups
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Collections of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations regarding one another's behavior.
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Social Stratification
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The subfield of sociology that examines inequalities among individuals and groups.
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5 Dimensions of Structural Inequality
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1) Education
2) Spatial
3) Healthcare
4) Employment
5) Financial
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Ghetto
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A part of a city in which members of a minority group live, especially because of social, legal, or economic pressure.
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Class
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A term used to identify groups of people in similar social and economic positions who have similar...
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4 Components of Class
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Comprised of people sharing a similar economic situation who have:
1) Conflicting economic interests with other classes
2) Share similar life chances
3) Have similar attitudes & behaviors (Habitus)
4) Have the potential to engage in collective action.
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The Marxian System
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The Bourgeoisie: Those who owned the means of production.
The Proletariat: Those who worked for the owners in return for pay
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The Current System
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Upper Class
Middle Class
Working Class
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Upper Class
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Those who own the means of production (top 1 t0 2%)
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Middle Class
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Between upper & lower; salary from $27,000-$250,000.
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Working (Lower) Class
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Sometimes associated with or distinguished from the lower class or poor.
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Weber's Three-Component Theory of Stratification
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Class (enduring), Status (Prestige), Power
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Three Functions of Underclass Connotations
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1) Institutional scapegoating
2) Power Shifting
3) Spatial Stigmatization
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Family of Orientation
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The people linked to us by birth (parents, siblings)
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Family of Procreation
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The relatives we gain over the course of lives through marriage and childbearing (spouses, partners, children)
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Line Marriage
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A form of group marriage in which the family unit continues to ad new spouses of both sexes over time so that the marriage does not end.
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Socialization
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The process through which individuals encounter and internalize norms, values, and world views through interaction with others.
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Primary Socialization
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Socialization that occurs early in a person's life, usually within the home.
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Secondary Socialization
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Socialization that occurs throughout one's life, usually outside the home, as individuals interact with peers, and institutions, such as school and the workplace.
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Concerted Cultivation
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A middle class parenting style that actively fosters and assesses children's a lents, opinions, and skills, resulting in an emerging sense of entitlement.
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Accomplishment of Natural Growth
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A parenting style common among the working class and poor wherein children are given the freedom to structure their own lives, often resulting in an emerging sense of constraint.
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Socialization Theory
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Education transmits knowledge, skills, and values that persist in adulthood and that employers believe increase productivity.
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Allocation Theory
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Education channels people in position or institutions that offer different opportunities or continuing to think, learn, and earn.Correspondence Principle
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Correspondence Principle
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Children receive different types of education based solely on their social standing rather than their inherent abilities. This serves to maintain class boundaries.
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Educational Tracking
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Separation of students into Persisting academic groups based on perceived ability.
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Hidden Curriculum
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The often unstated standards of behavior that teachers and administrators expect from children within the educational system.
-These often unstated expectations may reflect the middle-class biases and norms of school professionals.
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Sex
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Whether a person is classified as male or female based on anatomical or chromosomal criteria
Ex: Penis/vagina.
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Gender
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The ways that social forces create differences between men's and women's behavior, preferences, treatment, and opportunities, and the characteristics of men and women that reflect these forces
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Sexual Orientation
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Whether one sexual attractions are to members of the same sex, the other, or both.
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Essentialism
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The view that members of a group share a fundamental inherited, innate, and fixed quality or characteristics.
---Presumes that genders & races are natural grouping whose boundaries are determined by deep-seated and unchangeable traits that are found within each individual.
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Hegomonic Masculinity
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The culturally idealized form of manhood that reinforces the dominant social position of men, and the subordinate social position of women.
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Sexism
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Discrimination or devaluation based on a persons gender, as in restricted job opportunities; especially such discrimination directed against women.
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The Bechdel Test
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1) Are there more than two women (named) characters in a film
2)Do they interact with each other
3)If they do, do they talk about something other than men.
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Hostile Sexism
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Reflects overtly negative evaluations and stereotypes about women.
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Benevolent Sexism
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Represents evaluations of women that may appear subjectively positive, but are actually damaging to women and gender equity more broadly.
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Deceptive Distinctions
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Those sex differences that arise out of the roles individuals occupy, rather than some innate force
-Ex: Woman who is a nurse and she behaves in a nurturing way.
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Double Blind
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A situation in which a person is faced with contradictory demands or expectations, so that any action taken will appear to be wrong.
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Secret Tests:
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Social Strategies that people use to acquire knowledge about the state of their romantic relationships
---Ex: Direct Questioning, Asking Third Parties, Trial Intimacy Moves, Taken for Granted Tests, Endurance Tests, Jealousy Tests, & Fidelity Checks.
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4 Components of Emotion
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1). Appraisals of a situational stimulus or context
2). Changes in physiology or bodily sensations
3). The free or inhibited display of expressive gestures
4). A Cultural label.
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Feelings
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Includes the experience of physical drive states (ex: hunger, pain, etc.
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Affects
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Positive & Negative evaluations (liking/disliking) of an object, behavior, or idea.
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Moods
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More chronic emotional states, usually less intense, and less tightly tied to an eliciting situation.
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Sentiments
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Socially constructed patterns of sensations, expressive gestures, and cultural meanings organized around a relationship to a social object.
-Ex: romantic love, parental love, loyalty
-Also more transient, acute emotional responses to social losses (sorrow, envy) and gains (pride, grati…
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Feeling Rules
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Reliefs about the appropriate range, intensity, duration, and targets of private feelings in given situations.
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Emotion Work (Management)
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Inducing or inhibiting feelings so as to render them "appropriate" to a situation.
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Emotional Labor
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A form or emotion regulation that creates a publicly visible facial and bodily display. (Specifically in a job context).
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Sexuality
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-The character or quality of being sexual
- Sexual behavior, desires, and fantasies the things people actually do as well as the things we think or dream about doing.
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Pederasty
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A socially acknowledged erotic relationship between an adult male and a younger male usually in his teens
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Asexuality
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The lack of sexual attraction, or low or absent interest in sexual activity.
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Sexual Response Cycle
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1). Appetitive Phase
2). Excitement Phase
3). Orgasm Phase
4). Resolution Phase
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Sex in Sociology: Sexual Scripts
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1). Cultural Scenarios->
2). Interpersonal Scripts->Ways we talk about sex w/ people
3). Intra-Psychic Scripts-> Feelings and thoughts about sex.
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Race
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A system for classifying people who are believed to share common descent, based on perceived innate physical similarities
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Ethnicity
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A socially defined category of people who identity with each other based on a shared social experience or ancestry.
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Barbarian
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A person who is perceived to be primitive or uncivilized. Comes from the greek "barbaros," which mimics the way they say foreign languages as sounding
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Racism
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Prejudice against individuals who are members of particular racial or ethnic group, often drawing on negative stereotypes about the group
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Prejudice
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Negative beliefs or attitudes held about entire groups
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Discrimination
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Behavior that harms, excludes, or disadvantages individuals on the basis of their group membership.
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Individual Level of Racism
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Internal- Things inside
Interpersonal- Racism through interactions with someone
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Systematic Level of Racism
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Institutional- Single institution; policies
Structural- All the institutions put together; culture
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Religion
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-Sets of beliefs, symbols, and practices about the reality of the super empirical order that make claims to organize and guide human life.
-A unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say apart and forbidden, beliefs and practices which unite into one …
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The 3 B's
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Belief, Behavior, Belonging
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Religious Organizational Structure
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Churches, Sects, Denominations, Cults
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Fundamentalist Religion
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Barrier between themselves and the world.
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Evangelical Religion
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Go out and bring people into the fold/spread word
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Sacred
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Those things that are worthy of awe and special treatment and are not mundane or everyday parts of life.
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Profane
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Things not devoted to holy or religious purposes unconsecrated; secular
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Contemptus Mund
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"To hold this world in Contempt"
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Nomos
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-An individual's fundamental assumption about how the universe works, it's purpose, and it's order
-The socially established Nomos [is] a shield against terror. Put differently, the most important function of society is nomization.
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3 Stages of Belief
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Doxa- Old
Orthodoxy- Return to old
Heterodoxy- Change to new
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Social Control
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The formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity
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Utilitarianism (Deterrence: Looking to the future)
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Theory of punishment that relies on treat of harsh punishment to discourage people from committing crimes.
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Retributivism (retribution: Backward Looking)
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Theory of punishment that emphasizes moral condemnation for crimes already committed.
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Deviance
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A behavior, trait, or belief that departs from a norm and generates a negative reaction in a particular group.
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Crime
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The violation of a norm that has been codified into law.
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Four types of Crime
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1). Violent Crime
2). Property Crime
3). White Collar Crime
4). Drug Crime
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Structural Strain Theory
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Theory -States that there are goals in our society that people want to achieve, but they cannot always reach these goals. This creates stress (or strain)
-Means / Goal box of accepting or rejecting
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Differential Association Theory
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States that we learn deviance from hanging around deviant peers
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Labeling Theory
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-States that deviance is caused by external judgments (labels) that change a person's self-concept and the way that others respond to that person.
-Label encourages our behavior
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TEL-T 205: TEST 1