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SOCI 205: Exam 2
Group |
Two or more individuals who interact, share goals and norms and have subjective awareness as "we" |
What Georg Simmel said about dyads and triads |
Can have critical consequences for group behavior |
Social differentiation |
Process by which different statuses develop in any group, organization, or society |
Examples of social differentiation |
Sports organizations (players, coaches, and fans) |
Social stratification |
System of structured social inequality. Has fixed hierarchical arrangement. Has access to different resources, power, and perceived social worth |
Gender |
Learned expectations and behaviors associated with members of the same sex |
Gender stratification |
Hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender |
Caste system of stratification |
Ascribed status (born into class) |
Socioeconomic status (SES) |
Most significant in determining peoples placement in different class levels |
Class System of stratification |
Achieved status (changes class) |
Estate system of stratification |
Ownership of property and exercise of power are monopolized by an elite who has total control over societal resources |
Gender socialization |
Men and women learn expectations associated with their sex |
Deviant identity |
Definition that one person has of themselves as being deviant |
Simmel |
Studied groups and effects of size |
Effects of size |
Dyad and triad have entirely different group dynamics |
Sutherland |
Studied differential association theory |
What is the process called where different statues in any group develop |
Social differentiation |
The sociological term for the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender is |
Gender stratification |
Social categories that determine a group |
Engage in similar behavior, group size, closeness of members, duration of time that group stays together |
Charles Wooten Cooley said what |
Small intimate groups are fundamental in forming the social nature and ideas of the individual |
Instrumental behavior |
Two or more people who interact on a formal and personal basis to accomplish a specific objective |
Reference group |
Provides standards for evaluating values attitudes and behaviors. |
Social boundaries |
The material or symbolic devices that identify who is inside or outside the group |
Social groups |
exert tremendous influence on our behavior and identity |
Group think |
Group decisions associated with unintended and disastrous consequences |
Risky shift |
When people in a group are more likely to make risky decisions than if they are alone |
Formal organization |
A large secondary group (school, church) |
What type of organization is highly organized to do complex tasks and the activities are regulated in advance |
Formal organization |
Normative organization |
Voluntary (PTA, church) |
Coercive Organizations |
Involuntary (prison) |
Utilitarian group |
Receives benefits (salary) |
What are the 3 types of formal organization |
Normative organization, coercive organization, and utilitarian group |
Charles Perrow |
Observed organizations. More than half of the organizations studied worked for white men |
As formal organizations develop, they generally become what |
Bureaucracies |
What are the common problems found in bureaucracies |
Ritualism, alienation, group think, and risky shift |
What are the four main characteristics of deviance |
Occurs in social context, culturally relative, social rules are created or constructed, audience decides what is defined as deviant |
How do sociologists see deviance |
Influenced by society |
Durkheim criticized what theories |
That those who commit suicide are mentally deranged |
Functionalism |
Focuses on behavior and audience reactions contribute to stability in society |
Who said "deviant behavior creates social cohesion" |
Durkheim |
What are the three types of suicide as defined by Durkheim |
Anomic, Alturistic, Egotistic |
What is anomic suicide |
Committed by people when disintegrating forces in society make individuals feel lost or alone |
Altruistic suicide |
Groups can influence behavior and an overly involved person could take his life for the best interests of or conforming to his group |
Conflict perspective |
Argues that the economic structure of capitalism produces deviance and crime |
Task and campaign models |
Designed to favor the interests of the rich and powerful |
Critics of the conflict theory say what |
Laws protect most people, just not the rich |
Symbolic interaction |
Deviance refers to not just something one does, but something one becomes |
Label |
When a person is assigned a deviant identity by others including by agents of social institutions |
Functionalism and crime |
Necessary to hold society together by separating good from bad |
Symbolic interaction and crime |
Used to see how people learn how to be criminals |
Conflict and crime |
Disadvantaged groups are more likely to be criminals |
Uniform crime reports |
Based on actual national incident reports made by the police |
National victimization survey |
Yields information on crime and crime victims through surverys |
Self report data |
Asks respondents in a study about behaviors in a given time period |
Uniform crime index measures what |
Index crimes (personal, property, victim-less, and hate) |
Organized crimes |
Crimes committed by structured groups |
Corporate crime |
Takes place in and is endorsed by a bureaucracy |
How many are incarcerated, on parole, or probation |
7 million |
Conspirator |
Help set up crime |
Accomplice |
Takes orders and does what they're told |
Partner |
Someone on equal footing |
Sole Perpertrator |
Plays major role |
Occupational prestige |
Perceived subjective rank assigned to an occupation |
Upper class |
5% |
Upper middle class |
15% |
Lower class |
20% |
65 years and older are poor |
65% |
Children living in poverty |
18% |
Weber |
Stratification involves economic, social, and political dimensions |
Karl Marx |
Class conflict |
Marx defined class relationships as what |
Means of production |