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BIOL 1050: Exam 2
Symbiosis
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Means "To live together"
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Mutualism
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Symbiosis where both partners benefit
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Commensalism
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Symbiosis where one partner benefits, and the other neither benefits nor is harmed
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Parasitism
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Symbiosis where one partner benefits, and the other is harmed
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Normal (Resident) Flora
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Microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations
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True Pathogens
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All __________ are parasites.
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Infection
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A condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply
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Pathogen
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Infectious agent; takes over and multiplies
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Infectious Disease
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An infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs
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Normal Flora in Hosts
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Organisms that colonize the body's surfaces without normally causing disease
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Resident Microbiota, Transient Microbiota
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Two types of Normal Flora
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Sterile
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Uterus and contents are normally _________ and remain so until just before birth
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Fetal Membrane
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Breaking of the ____________ exposes the infant; all subsequent handling and feeding continue to introduce what will be normal flora
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Normal Flora
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___________ is essential to the health of humans
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Antibiotics, dietary changes, and disease
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What alters flora?
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Probiotics
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What introduces known microbes back into the body?
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Resident Flora
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____________ are a part of the normal flora throughout life
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Opportunistic Pathogens
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Normal flora that cause disease under certain circumstances
Ex: Candida
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Immune suppression, changes in normal flora, intro of n.f. into unusual site in body
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What conditions provide opportunities for pathogens?
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Reservoirs of Infection
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Sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection
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Animal, Human carriers, Nonliving reservoir
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What are the three types of reservoirs?
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Zoonoses
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Diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans
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Direct contact with animal/ its waste, eating animals, mosquitos
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How do we acquire zoonoses through various routes
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Vector
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A live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another
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anthropods
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Majority of vectors are ______
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Biological vectors
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Actively participate in a pathogen's life cycle
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Mechanical vector
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Not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent and merely transports it without being infected
Ex: Flies
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Nonliving reservoirs
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Soil, water, and food can be reservoirs of infection
Presence of microoganisms often due to contamination by feces or urine
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Human Carriers
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Infected individuals who are asymptomatic but ineffective to others
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Adhesion
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The colonizing stage in the development of an infection
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Invasion
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The speeding stage in the development of an infection
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Multiplication
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Every infection needs _________.
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Disease
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The last stage in the Development of Infection
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Adhesion
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The first stage in the development of an infection
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Pathogenicity
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Ability of a microorganism to cause disease
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Virulence
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Degree of pathogenicity
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Virulence Factors
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Adhesion factors
Biofilm
Extracellular enzyme
Toxins
Antiphagocytic factors
All these are examples of what?
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Infectious Disease
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Minimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed are a requirement for a(n) what?
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Greater Virulence
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Microbes with small IDs have what?
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10^8, Cholera
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What is the worst degree of infectious dose estimate?
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Incubation period
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What is the first stage of infectious stage?
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Incubation Period
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What is the stage where you feel no syptoms for 5-7 days?
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Prodromal Period
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What is the second stage of infectious disease?
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Prodromal Period
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What is the stage of infectious disease where you feel vague general syptoms?
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illness
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What is the most severe stage of infectious disease?
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illness
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What is the third stage of infectious disease?
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Decline
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What is the fourth stage of infectious diseases?
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Decline
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What is the infectious disease stage where there is a decline in signs and symptoms?
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Convalescence
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What is the last stage of infectious disease?
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Convalescence
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What is the stage of infectious disease where you feel no signs or symptoms after recovering?
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Epidemiology
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The study where and when diseases occur, and how they are transmitted
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Mortality Rate
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The total number of deaths in a population due to a certain diseases
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Morbidity rate
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Number of people afflicted with a certain disease
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Prevalence
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Number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a during a given period of time
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Endemic
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Disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale
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Sporadic
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When occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals
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Epidemic
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When prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected
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Pandemic
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Epidemic across continents
ex: aids, flu
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16 mill.
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The Spanish flue in 1928, during WW 1 killed how many?
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Epidemiology
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Agencies at the local,state, national, and global levels share information concerning diesase
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Public Health
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WHO is an example of this
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Disease
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Public health agencies work to limit _____ by monitoring water and food safety
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Nosocomial Infections
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Infection that is acquired in the hospital
Ex: Mersa
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Innate Defenses and Adaptive Defense
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What are the two categories for the Body's defenses?
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Innate (Nonspecific)
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_______ Defenses are
older and have immune systems
Chemical and Cellular Defenses
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Adaptive (Specific) Defenses
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A cell of an acquired system be specific to certain strands of bacteria
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Innate and Adaptive
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What are the two types of Host defenses?
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Innate Defenses
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Present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection
Fast in reaction
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Adaptive immunities
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Speciific, must be acquired
Slow in reaction
Brings you memory
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Physical barriers, immunologically active cells, and a variety of chemicals
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To protect the body against pathogens, the immune system relies on a multilevel network on what?
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Skin and mucous membrane, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
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What are some structures, chemicals, and processes that work to prevent pathogens entering the body?
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Bile
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________ is anti microbrial
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Healthy immune system
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Surveillance of the body
Recognition of foreign materila
Destruction of enities deemed to be foreign
All these are function of _________.
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Detect foreign material, recognize, and destroy
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What are the functions of a healthy immune system?
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Microbial antagonism
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Normal microbiota compete with potential pathogens
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Normal Microbiota
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Activities of _____ make it hard for other pathogens to do:
consumption of nutrients
create an environment unfavorable to other micoorgansims
Help stimulate the body's second line of defense
Promote overall health by providing vitamins to host
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Erythrocytes, Platelets, Leukocytes
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What are cells and cell fragments in plasma that act as defense components of blood?
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Erythrocytes
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Carry oxygen and carbon diooxide in the blood
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Platelets
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Involved in blood clotting (Thrombocle) and important to seal
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Leukocytes
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Involved in defending the body against invaders (WBC)
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Leukocytes
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These are the cells of the immune system
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Pathogen-associated patterns (PAMPS)
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Molecules shared by microorganisms
Ex: RNA's and PR
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Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)
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Receptors on WBCs for Pamps
Recognize patterns
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Phagocytes
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Cells capable of phagocytosis
Special form of endocytosis
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Macrophages, Neutophils, Dendritic cells
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What are the types of phagocytes?
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Chemotaxis
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First step of Phagocytosis where they attract
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Adherence
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... |
Ingestion
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Form bubble around object
The third step of Phagocytosis
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Killing and Elimination
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The last processes of Phagocytosis
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Eosinophils
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Attack certain parasitic helminths by attaching to their surface
Secrete toxins that weaken or kill helminths
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Basophils
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Naturally developing
Important in some parasitic infection major players in allergic responses
Where Histomine comes from
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Worms
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Phagocytes cannot eat ______.
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Inflammation
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Nonspecific response to tissue damage from various causes
Characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain
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Complement
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Set of serum proteins designated numerically
Destruction can be direct or direct
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Classical pathways, alternate pathway, Lectin pathway
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Complement can be activated in 3 ways, and ends in destruction.
What are these 3 ways?
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Vasal Dilations
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Blood vessels expanding/ widened and WBC enter/ fluid
Yet, seal Blood steam so bacteria cannot enter it.This is what?
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Antigen
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Molecules interact with T and B cells
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Adaptive
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What is the most effective line of defense?
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Specificity and Memory
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Two features that characterize specific immunity are what?
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Memory
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Lymphocytes are programmed to "recall" their first encounter with an antigen and respond rapidly to subsequent encounters
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B cells and T cells
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Two main types of lymphocytes are what?
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B lymphocytes (B cells)
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Cells that are mature in the bone marrow
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T Lyphocytes (T cells)
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Cells mature in the thymus
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B Cells
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After stimulated, ________, becomes an Humoral immune response
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T Cells
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After stimulated, _________, become Cell-mediated immune responses
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Antibodies
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The Humoral Immunity releases molecules called ______ that are membrane bound by B cells
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1;1
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______ cell clone, ______ antigen
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T cells and Cytotoxic cells
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T lymphocytes regulate function through what?
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Defective, Chemicals
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T lymphocytes will not secrete attracted to ________ molecules, but instead will release _____ that will kill
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Clonal Selection Theory
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Lymophocytes genetic produce a tremendous variety of different cells with specific receptors
Undifferentiated lymphocytes undergo a continuous series of division and genetic changes that generate millions of different cell types.
This is called what?
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Specifity
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Each genetically different type of lymphocyte (cell) expresses a sing ______.
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Antigen, lymphocyte
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First introduction of each type of _______ into the immune system selects a genetically distinct ________.
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Immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis
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Receptor genes of B cells govern what?
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Glycoproteins
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Large ___________ serve as specific receptors of B cells
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4;2;2
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Immunoglobulin are composed of _____ polypeptide chaing
_______ identical heavy chains and ______identical light chains
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Antigen Binding Sites
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Y shaped Arrangement ends of the fork formed by variable what?
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The Forks
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What is the difference between Memory and Plasma Cell tails?
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Plasma Cells
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_____________ are end stage of a B cells development after stimulation
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Clonal Explosion
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Once B cells process the Ag, interact with T cells, they enter the cell cycle in preparation for ________
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Plasma Cells
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Divisions give rise to _________ that secrete antibodies and memory cells that can react to the same antigen later
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T Lymphocytes (T cells)
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Produced in the red bone marrow and mature in the thymus
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Cytoplasmic membrane
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T cells have receptors on their what?
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Cytotoxic
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T lymphocyte that Directly kills other cells
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Helper
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T lymphocyte that helps regulate the activities of B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
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Regulatory
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Lymphocyte that represses adaptive immune responses
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Vaccinations
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These are caused by being exposed to part/ killed pathogen or deteriated strains, or products pathogens produced such as toxin into active form ->toxoid
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IGM
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1st reponse to toxoid
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IGA
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Toxoid mainly found in mucus
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IgG
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Most abandoned serum
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Immunity
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______ builds memory cells actively
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Active Immunity
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The specific immunity acquire during an individuals life
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Naturally Acquired
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Response against antigens encountered in daily life
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Artificially Acquired
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Respons to Antigens introduced via vaccine
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Passive
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When body doesn't create immunity, but from horse, cow, etc.
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Passive
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IgA from breast milk is considered what?
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Passive Immunity
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Person receives antibodies from another source
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No memory
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What is one drawback to Passive Immunity?
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Artificial active immunity
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Deliberately exposing a person to material that is antigenic but no pathogenic
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Vaccine
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Principle is to stimulate a primary and secondary anamnestic response to prepare the immune system for future exposure to a virulent pathogen
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Prokaryotic cells
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What is the most diverse group of cellular microbes?
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Binary Fission
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Divides into tow daughter cells with exact DNA as parent
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Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and one chromosome
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What are some structures that are essential to the functions of all prokaryotic cells?
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Nucleus and complex internal structures
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What do prokaryotes lack?
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Small
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Most prokaryotes are ________ in diameter and have a simple structure.
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Generation Time
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Doubling of the cells; time it takes to form a new generation
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20 years
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What is the generation time in humans?
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Cytoplams, plasma membrane, DNA,
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What Structures that are essential to the prokaryote cell?
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Glycocalyces
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Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of the cell
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Glycocalyces
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What external cell structure is important in making biofilm?
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S.Mutans
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What is found in the mouth, thrives on sugar, and is an anarobic organsim?
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Polysaccharides, polypeptides, or mix
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Glycocalyces are composed of what?
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Flagella
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What is responsible for movement extend beyond cell surface?
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Filament, hook, and basal body
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What are the 3 parts of flagella?
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Filament
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What is a long, thin, helical structure composed of protein flagellin
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Hook
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What is a curved sheath?
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Basal Body
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What has stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall?
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Flagella
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What functions in motility of cell through environment?
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Monotrichous
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Flagellar arrangement where single flagellum at one end
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Lophotrichous
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Flagellar arrangements where small bunches emerging from the same site
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Amphitrichous
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Flagellar arrangement where flagella at both ends of cell
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Peritrichous
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Flagella dispersed over surface of cell
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Flagellar Responses
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What guides bacteria in a direction in response to external stimulus
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Chemotaxis
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What is a chemical stimuli in flagellar responses
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Phototaxis
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What is a light stimuli in flagellar responses?
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Flagellar responses
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What signal sets flagella into rotary motion clockwise or counter clockwise
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Run
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Counterclockwise results in smooth linear direction which causes it to do what?
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Tumble
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Clockwise signals cause flagella to do what?
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Axial Filaments
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Periplasmic, internal flagella, enclosed between cell wall and cell membrane of spirochetes is called what?
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Cellular Motility
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Axial filaments produce _________ by contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motion
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Fimbriae
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What are fine, proteinaceous, hair-like bristles from the cell surface?
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Adhesion
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Fimbriae functions in ___________ to other cells and surfaces
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Pillin Protein
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Pili is the rigid tubular structure made of what?
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Conjugation
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The function of Pili is to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer calles what?
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Bacterial Cell Walls
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What provides structure and shape and protects cells from osmotic forces?
|
shapes
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Bacterial cell walls give bacterial cells what?
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Peptidoglycan
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Bacterial cell walls mostly contain what?
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Gram + and Gram -
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What are the two basic types of bacterial cells walls?
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NAM
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What type of Peptidoglycan only form peptide bridges?
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