107 Cards in this Set
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Water
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polar molecule, has charge, causes solubility. Negative towards oxygem
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Hydrogen Bonding
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causes water to be liquid at room temp, have surface tension
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Hydrophilic
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water loving, dissolves in H2O, charged, salts & sugars
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Solubility of Ion
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shell of hydration (water) surrounds ion. Caused by diffusion of molecule through water, selective channels for each ion, can also diffuse across a barrier. Rates of diffusion equal in both directions
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Osmosis
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diffusion of water down a concentration gradient, through aquaporins
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Hydrophobic
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doesn't react w/ water, uncharged
Triglycerides - insoluble, separate from H2O
Structure - glycerol (3 carbon), fatty acid (carboxylic chain, 3 per glycerol, 1 per carbon)
oils, fats
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Amphipathic
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phospholipids
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Phospholipid Structure
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F.P. tails, phosphate head groups, contain phosphodiester bonds, serine, choline and ethanolamine
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Organization of Phospholipids
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micelle, liposome, bilayer, lipid mosaic model of biological membranes
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Phospholipid as Modified Triglyceride
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phospholipid connects to triglyceride w/ phosphodiester bond. Charged w/ either choline, serine or ethanolamine. Creates hydrophilic charged head & hydrophobic triglyceride tail
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Micelle
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phospholipid organization, group of P.L. tail inward, head outward
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Liposome
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phospholipid organization, 2 groups of P.L. tail to tail
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Bilayer
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6-.7 nm wide
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Lipid Mosaic Model
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how all organizations are formed, circular or linear
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Transmembrane Proteins
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allow ions to interact w/ bilayer, get inside cell
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Proteins as Amino Acid Polymers
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amino acid structure & categories, linked by peptide bonds.
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Protein Structure
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primary A.A. sequence
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Secondary Structure
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hydrogen binding, alpha helix, pleated sheet, repeat w/ each turn. 4 A.A. per turn, .6 nm
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Tertiary Structure
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three dimensional shape, role of R groups (hydrophilic/phobic, protein folding)
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Proteins in Solution
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philic side faces H2O, phobic folds in on itself
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Proteins in Membranes
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philic folds into pore, phobic folds into tails
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Amino Acid
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Amine group (NH2), carbon, carboxylic acid (COOH), R groupd bonded to carbon
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Peptide Bond
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hydroxyl group (OH) falls off, another amino acid attaches. Forms amino and carboxyl terminus
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Transmembrane Proteins
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transmembrane region & helix, extra & intracellular regions form a channel. Thread A.A. sequences across the membrane several times
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Prokaryotes
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bacteria or cyano bacteria. Contain plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes (protein synthesis), mRNA, tRNA. No intracellular compartments
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Eukaryotes
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structurally and functionally compartmentalized. Plasma membrane as well, DNA contained in nucleus.
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Histones
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proteins that act as spools for DNA, self assemble into sets of 8
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Golgi Apparatus
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protein processing
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Vesicles
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protein packaging & movement, cargo carrying container, delivers proteins
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Nucleus
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chromosomes & histones, nuclear pores (regulate traffic in/out)
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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links sugars to proteins, free ribosomes synthesize protein in cytoplasm
Smooth - lipid synthesis
Rough - protein synthesis, ribosomes, lysosomes
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Vesicle Targeting
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plasma membrane, lysosomes (destroy outside things)
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Exocytosis
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take things out of cell via vesicles
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Endocytosis
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bring things into cell w/in vesicle
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Mitochondria
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two membrane (lipid bilayer). Performs oxidative phosphorylation, aerobic respiration. Contains circular DNA, similar to prokaryotes. Absorbed bacterium, used the ATP it generated, utilized its DNA to become part of cell
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Cytoskeleton
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actin, tubulin. Composed of cytoplasmic proteins synthesized
on free ribosomes
Microtubules - polymer of tubulin
Actin Filaments - polymers of monomeric globulin actial
Intermediate Filaments - polymers of I.F. protein
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Kinesin
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positive end directed motor, goes toward positive end of cell. Transports protein across microtubule
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Dynein
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negative end directed motor
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Myosin
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short range transport
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Actin
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transports myosin
G Actin - single
Filamentous Actin - several connected actin
Location in Cells - cortical actin/cortical transport (around perimeter)
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DNA
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Function - stores info, contains RNA structure/protein structure
Replication
Mutation
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DNA components/organization
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deoxyribose - 5 carbon sugar
Bases - purines (adenine, guanine) pyrimidines (thymine, cytosine)
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antiparallel organization
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double helix binds in opposite direction
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hydrogen bonding between bases
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hold strands together
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DNA replicaiton
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helicase (unwinds DNA), DNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds to connect DNA molecules
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semi-conservative replication
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each original strand is a template for new strand. Helicase unravels, makes duplicate strands
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leading strand
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polymeric leads 3 to 5, one on top of the other
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Central dogma
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DNA --> RNA -->protein
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RNA
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ribose - 5 carbon sugar
bases - A, G, uracil, C
structure - 5 to 3, ability to fold
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transcription
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read select region of DNA, transcribe to RNA
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Promotor
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short sequence of DNA base that is a binding site for protein transcription factor
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Transcription factor
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base TATA, DNA binding protein
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RNA polymerase
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when RNA gets transcribed, thymine turns uracil
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generating RNA transcript
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confined to nucleus. Uses promotor & transcription factors, RNA polymerase to make RNA. 1 gene produces 1 protein enzyme
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types of RNA
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tRNA - transfer, A.A. shuttle craft
rRNA - ribosomal, large+small subunits
mRNA - messenger
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RNA editing
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introns & exons - never leave nucleus, get broken down/expresses info to the cytoplasm
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Translation
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tRNA - carry amino acids
rRNA - catalyze peptide bond
mRNA - carry info of A.A. sequence
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codon in RNA
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sequence of 3 bases determines A.A.
start codon - AUG base, anti codon is complementary
stop codon
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protein synthesis
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cytoplasmic proteins - free ribosomes synthesized by rough E.R. Secreted, transmembrane, lysosomal
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targeting proteins to E.R.
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signal peptide - chain of A.A. to large/small ribosome subunit, R group is unchanged. Uses hydrophobic A.A.
signal recognition particle - contains RNA, binds peptide
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SRP & ribosome receptor in E.R.
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connects large/small subunits to E.R., responsible for RER formation
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protein translocation
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when proteins are made w/ E.R.
translocon - location where ribosomes bind to E.R.
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Glycosylation
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process of generating protein, attach carbohydrate to protein or lipid
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tissues
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groups of similar cells performing similar functions
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types of tissues
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epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
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epithelia
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layers of continuous cells, form boundaries w/in body
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Simple epithelia
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single layer, basal lamina, replicate, lack of vascularity
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stratified epithelia
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layers on top of one another
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connective
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scattered cells embedded in an extracellular protein matrix (basal lamina, sheet which connects cells). Includes cartilage, bone, blood
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junctions of epithelia
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link cells together
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anchoring juncitons
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desmosomes - link cells together
hemidesmosomes - link cells to basal lamina
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occluding junctions
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tight junctions, reduce space between cells
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communicating junction
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gap, connexins (6) form connexons (1), which send info between cells
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skin as an organ
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composed of 2 tissue types
epidermis - keratinocytes, epithelium
dermis - fibrocytes, connective tissue, elastin & collagen under skin surface
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appendages
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epethelial specializations
exocrine glands empty via duct
hair also made of keratinocytes
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melanocyte
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produces melanin, pigment of cell
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cartilage as a tissue
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chondrocytes & secretions - mix w/ collagens to make cartilage
hyaline - covers bone/joints, gristly, articular cartilage
fibro - stretches so bone can expand temporarily, collagen
elastic - springy molecules, gives skin ability to hold shape
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bone structure
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osteocytes - generates bone w/ osteoblasts
long bone - elongated diaphysis w/ epiphysis at ends, medullary cavity
compact bone - outer shell of bone, gives support
trabecullar bone - ends of long bone, flexible
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structure of compact bone
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osteon - unit of compact bone
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organization of osteocytes
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collagen - rope like extracellular protein
hydroxylapatite - secreted by osteocytes, mineral for bone
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bone growth
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chondrocytes at end of growth plate
growth plate closure - close when done growing, need G.P. to grow
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bone remodeling
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osteocytes/blasts - bone maker
osteoclasts - bone breaker, reduces pH in bone
PTH - parathyroid hormone, increases calcium in blood. calcium regulation affects muscle/nerve function
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endocrine system
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communication among cells from a distance
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chemical signaling
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causes cell changes
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autocrine
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releases hormones received by same cell, cell changes itself
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paracrine
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releases hormones received by nearby cells
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endocrine
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hormone released into blood, travels to cells far away
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types of hormones
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peptides/proteins
modified A.A.
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peptides/proteins
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large, charged, solution in water
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modified A.A.
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hydrophilic
tyrosine - catecholamines: dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
tryptophan - serotonin
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modified cholesterol
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uncharged
steroid hormones - hydrophobic, thyroid, vitamin B, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone
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modified fatty acids
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prostaglandin - intracellular signaling, causes muscles to act
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receptor-ligand interactions
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receptor requirement - need receptor in cell for change to occur
low concentrations - 10-9thru 10-12 mol
specificity - affinity. dissociation constant, as receptors increase, response increases
regulation - exo/endocytosis, ion channels opening/closing, enzyme activity, gene transcript…
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hormone types
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large, charged, hydrophilic - transmembrane receptors
small, uncharged, hydrophobic - cytoplasmic receptors
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receptors for hydrophilic hormones
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transmembrane proteins
receptor tyrosine kinase
G-protein coupled receptor - 7 regions, outside (N) to inside (C) of cells
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trimeric GTP binding protein
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three piece protein
alpha beta gamma - splits up to bind w/ cell membrane
alpha w/ GTP - final part binded w/ cell membrane
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adenylyl cyclase
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adenine base, makes ATP, binds to GTP enzyme
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cyclic amp
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adenosine monophosphate
protein kinase A - enzyme that adds a phosphate to protein
phosphorylation events - opens ion channels
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steroids
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cytoplasmic receptors - crosses bilayer, binds to cell
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cholseterol & steroids
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all based around cholseterol
role - metabolism, immune system, H2O balance, sex characteristics
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hypothalamic pituitary axis
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neuronal cell bodies in hypothalamus, form synapses
includes hypothalamus, posterior & anterior pituitary
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posterior pituitary
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neuroendocrine cells - release hormone into blood of P.P.
oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction, NONO peptide
vesopressin - NONO peptide, regulates H2O balance by attaching to kidney
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anterior pituitary
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Rathke's Pouch - embryonic location that develops to house A.P.
portal vasculature - neurons release peptide hormones called releasing hormones. blood first passes through hypthalamus
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hypothalamus as source of releasing hormones
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secretes into blood, arrive in A.P. Releases thyrotropin hormone
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A.P. as site for trophs
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troph cells release stimulating hormone that targets specific gland in question
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release of stimulating hormones
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adrenal glands, cortisol
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effect of stimulating hormone target
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target gland also releases hormones, travels through blood back to hypothalamus
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Muscle System