92 Cards in this Set
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Superposition
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The youngest layer of earth is on top (Principle 1)
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Crosscutting Relationships
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Fractures are the youngest thing that happened in the layers of the earth (Principle 2)
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Inclusions
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Younger rocks have pieces of older rocks in them (Principle 3)
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Intrusions
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Younger magma can change older rocks in their vicinity (Principle 4)
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Qualitative Information
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Observing physical characteristics
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Quantitative Information
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Recording number and metric data
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Scientific Method
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1. Gather Data
2. Formulate Hypothesis
3. Test Hypothesis
4. Formulate Theory
5. Formulate Law/ Principle
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Hypothesis
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A possible guess
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Theory
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A Confident Explanation
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Laws and Principles
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Natural Phenomena proven time and again
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Geology's effect on us
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1. Determines where we live
2, Where natural resources are
3. Explain world
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Goldilock's Zone
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Area of our solar system with temperatures that are "just right" Earth!
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Terrestrial Planets
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Smaller, rocky, dense, contain silicate rocks/metals and have for the most part livable conditions and we are able to traverse on the land.
Ex: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
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Jovian Planets
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Large planets that are made of gas, small dense center, diffuse atmosphere
Ex: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
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Element
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The most fundamental substance into which matter can be separated using chemical means
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Atom
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The smallest individual particle that retains the distinct chemical properties of an element.
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The four types of bonds:
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1. Ionic
2. Covenant
3. Metallic
4. Vanderwaals
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Ionic Bond
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One atom transfers electron to another.
Ex: Giving a present to someone you are attracted to.
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Covelent Bond
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Atoms pair up and do not produce ions. The strongest of chemical bonds! Sharing!!
Ex: Lady and the Tramp
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Metallic Bond
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Electrons shared among several atoms, outer electrons drift between each other, typically good conductors of electricity
Ex: Frisbee
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Vanderwaals Bond
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An attraction between electrically neutral molecules with asymmetrical charge, forms sheet of molecules. Weakest!!!
Ex: Pinky finger hand-holding.
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Minerals
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Naturally formed, solid, inorganic substance with a characteristic crystal structure and a specific chemical composition. Solid, inorganic, crystal structures are ordered arrangement.
Ex: Fossils, ice, quartz
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Color
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Mineral Property
(Self Explanatory)
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Streak
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Mineral Property
The thin layer of powder made by rubbing it on an unglazed fragment of porcelain
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Luster
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Mineral Property
Metallic (Self Explanatory)
Vitreous (Glassy)
Resinous (Pine Sap/Amber)
Pearly (Talc)
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Density
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Mineral Property
Reflection of compactness of atoms, densely packed= higher specific gravity. Heft test- how does it feel?
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Crystal Habit
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Mineral Property
Crystal's growth pattern
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Hardness
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Mineral Property
Mineral's resistance to scraching
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Crystal Shape/Form
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Mineral Property
Cubic? Prismatic? Hexagonal?
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Cleavage
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Mineral Property
How minerals break where bonds are weak.
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Effervesence
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Mineral Property
Mineral fizzes when acid is dropped on it
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Taste/Smell
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Mineral Property
(Self Explanatory)
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Radioactivity
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Mineral Property
(Self Explanatory)
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Microscopic
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Mineral Property
Minerals exhibit many properties under thin section.
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Refraction
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Mineral Property
You can see a double image when you look inside of them
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Magnetic
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Mineral Property
Attracted to magnet
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Luminescence/Florescence
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Mineral Property
Minerals glow when exposed to ultra violet light
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Volcano
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A vent where magma erupts onto surface. It has a crater at the top, volcanic rocks which form from lava, pumice, and ash. It erupts from the cone, linear fissures, or circular depressions (Calderas)
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Caldera
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Circular depressions where lave erupts. Forms over mantle hot spots. Shallow magma chamber empties during eruption, ceiling collapses into voided reservoir.
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Cinder Cone
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-The simplest type of volcano
-Featured in Paracutin, Mexico.
-Scoria cone that is built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from the vent.
-Gas-charged with a bowl-shaped crater.
-Relatively small and numerous in West North America.
-Earthquake attached.
-First time …
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Vulcanian
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A series of discrete, canon-like explosions that are short-lived.
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Strombolian
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Gassy eruptive activity that is short-lived with explosive outburts of pasty lava meters into the air.
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Four types of Volcanos
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1. Scoria Cone
2. Shield
3. Composite
4. Volcanic
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Scoria Cone
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Cone shaped volcano with small crater and looses scoria cinders and large volcanic bombs.
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Shield
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Volcano with broad gently curved slopes, small or huge mountains, one or line of craters, fissures, smaller amount of scoria and ash
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Composite
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Volcanoes that are symmetrical steep mountains with a crater. Smaller than a shield.
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Volcanic
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A dome-shaped volcano with solidified lava, highly fractured, and contains ash and rock fragments.
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Lava Flow
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Magma erupts onto surface and flows away from vent. Fairly fluid, flowing down
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Lava Dome
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Eruption of highly viscous lava, high silica content and causes lava to pile around vent instead of flowing
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Pyroclastic Eruption
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High gas content in less viscous lava, shoots into air in lava fountain.
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Tephra
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A mixture of volcanic ash, pumice, and rock fragments into air (volcanic ash)
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Gases Effect
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Magma contains gases that determine eruption style
Confining pressure at depth keeps gases in solution
Magma pressures decrease and gas is forced out through bubbles.
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Hot Spot
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A small area or region with a relatively hot temperature in comparison to its surroundings. Volcanism within plate interiors. Underlain by large plume of anomalously hot mantle. Mushroom shaped with plume head and tale.
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Mantle Plumes
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Generated in lower mantle and rise slowly through the mantle by convection
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What influences where and how we live?
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1. Volcanoes
bad=explosions, lava, ash
good= nutrients
Hill Sides
bad=steep, weak, landslides
good=scenery
Rivers
bad=flooding
good=transportation, water supply, energy, nutrient distribution in fertile land
Mountains
bad=unstable
good=scenery
Faults
bad=earthquakes
Soil
ba…
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Earth's Make-up
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1. Crust
a. Continental
b. Oceanic
2. Upper Mantle
3. Lower Mantle
4. Outer Core
5. Inner Core
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Lithosphere
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Crust and Upper Mantle
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Asthenosphere
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Lower Mantle
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Continental Crust
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Granite-like
20-25 mi thick
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Oceanic Crust
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Common dark lava rock
4 mi thick
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Forces that Affect Earth
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1. Gravity
2. Water
3. Sun and Moon
4. Electromagnetic Energy
5. Wind and Ocean Currents
7. Gravity-Rock Movement
8. Radioactive Decay
9. Heat
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Gravity
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Causes air in atmosphere to press down on Earth's surface, causes atmospheric pressure which is greater at sea level than at high elevations
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Electromagnetic Energy
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Light, infrared, ultraviolet radiate from sun. Drives energy, temp, wind, etc...
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Radioactive Decay
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Naturally occurring uranium, potassium, produces heat especially in crust
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Heat
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Temp. increases downwards towards earth's crust.
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What is earth's core made out of?
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Outer Core- Liquid, nickel-iron alloy
Inner Core- Solid, nickel-iron alloy. Hot!
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How can magma move?
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1. Travel through fissures. Fissures form when pressure of magma pushes apart rocks forming a fracture. (tectonic forces)
2. Remove overlying rocks piece by piece in magma chamber
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What determines how magma rises?
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1. Magma Pressure- Pressure from weight of overlying rocks is directed in toward magma from all sides. Pushes magma into available openings upward.
2. Density- Less dense = faster rise
3. Gas Pressure- magma releases dissolved gasses. As magma increases it decreases pressure and rises f…
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Divergent Boundaries
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A linear feature between two tectonic plates moving away from each other creating rift valleys. Most occur between oceanic plates and mid-oceanic ridges. They form volcanic islands.
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Convergent Boundaries
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Actively deforming region where two tectonic plates move towards each other and collide. Pressure, friction, and plate material melting in mantle, earthquakes, and volcanoes form subduction zone or continental collision.
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Oceanic under Continental
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Forms Volcano
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Continental over Continental
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Forms mountains
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Oceanic over Continental
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Forms trench
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How does water effect melting?
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It lowers the melting point making it easier to melt faster.
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Volcanic Intrusions:
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1. Dike
2. Sill
3. Laccolith
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Dike
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A volcanic sheet-like Intrusion that cuts across layers. Some magma flows horizontally, grows sideways, steep.
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Sill
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A volcanic intrusion that is parallel to layers in rocks, sub-horizontal and form by pushing rocks upward, steep fractures.
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Laccolith
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A volcanic intrusion that forms after formation of a sill. The magma then inflates and the magma chamber grows into a dome shape.
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Rock Cycle
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1. Weathering
2. Erosion
3. Deposition
4. Burial/Lithification
5. Deformation/Metamorphism
6. Melting
7. Solidification
8. Uplift
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Weathering
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Rock Cycle 1
Mechanically breaking apart rocks or chemical reactions. It creates sediment.
Caused by sun, rain, wind, plants, animals
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Erosion
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Rock Cycle 2
Rock loosens/dissolves and is moved away from source
Moves by glaciers, win, water, gravity
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Deposition
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Rock Cycle 3
When transportation energy decreases, water wind, or ice deposit sediment
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Burial/Lithification
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Rock Cycle 4
Sediment is buries and compacted by weight chemicals in groundwater can coat sedimentary grains with minerals and deposit natural cements that bind.
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Deformation/Metamorphism
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Rock Cycle 5
Rock forms and is squeezed and folded into layers. Heat can deform metamorphically
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Melting
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Rock Cycle 6
Rock exposed to high temperatures may melt and produce magma.
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Solidification
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Rock Cycle 7
Magma cools and solidifies. If crystals= crystalization
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Uplift
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Rock Cycle 8
Rocks back up to surface to start process over once more.
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Earth's Spheres
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1. Atmosphere
2. Biosphere
3. Hydrosphere
4. Lithosphere
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Atmosphere
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Nitrogen and Oxygen
Air, Clouds, Precipitation
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Biosphere
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Includes life and all places it exists on
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Hydrosphere
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Water, oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, glaciers, groundwater, soil moisture, water vapor
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Lithosphere
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Solid upper part of Earth's crust and upper mantle, water, air, life.
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GEOL 1040: Exam 3