60 Cards in this Set
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Emotion
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an individual state that occurs in response to either an external or and internal event and that typically involves three separate but intertwined components; physiological, cognitive, behavioral
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physiological component (emotion)
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changes in bodily arousal, such as increased heart rate, body temperature, and respiration; autonomic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system (fight-or-flight), parasympathetic nervous system(return to normal state)
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cognitive component (emotion)
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the subjective appraisal and interpretation of one's feelings and one's surrounding environment (rollercoaster like/dislike)
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behavioral component (emotion)
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the expression of emotion through verbal or nonverbal channels, such as smiling, frowning, whining, laughing, reflecting, or slouching
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Measurement of emotions
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1. behavioral displays of emotion
(fighting, fleeing, sexual advances)
2. self- reports of emotion (surveys)
3. psychophysiological reactions (facial electromyography, skin conductance, startle reflex)
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Accuracy of measurement of emotions
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-Measure how well the participants perform on tasks
-rely on a person's ability to properly identify and describe an emotional experience
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Functions of emotions (cognitive)
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Organize our memories
Prioritize our concerns, needs, goals at any given moment
info gained from noticing our emotions may help us for judgments and making decisions
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Functions of emotions (behavioral)
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We act to minimize our experience of negative emotions and maximize our experience of positive emotions
Time for boyfriend but not homework
Happiness-likely to continue to engage in those behaviors
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Functions of emotion (social)
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emotions form the foundations of relationships by helping us develop a sense that we like and trust another person
even when negative, can also improve quality of relationship
talking about problems can make a couple happier
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James- Lange Theory
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Emotion begins with the perception of an environmental situation
Next comes the elicitation of physiological and behavioral changes
Then processed by the cortex and converted into felt emotion.
Our physiological response to a stimulus occurs prior to, and provides the basis for, the ex…
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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Total separation of visceral organs from the central nervous system does not change emotional behavior
Thalamus (key brain structure) simultaneously relays info about the event to the sympathetic nervous system and to the parts of the brain that are active in thought and decision making
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Cognitive Theory
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theory holds that cognitive appraisal affects not only how people interpret physical arousal, but also the level of arousal itself
views cognitive interpretations as playing a still broader role in the experience of emotion
appraisal serves as a cognitive mediator between environmental …
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Lewis's Cognitive Theory of Emotional Development
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Most emotions can be experienced and expressed only after particular cognitive abilities have developed
cognitive milestones
most emotions can be experienced and expressed only after particular cognitive abilities have been developed
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Izard's Differential Emotions Theory
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Emotions help trigger the achievement of social and cognitive milestones
Emotions aid in the successful completion of various stages of development
particular emotions or sets of emotions become more prominent during specific life stages as they serve stage-related developmental process…
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Emotional Variability (regulation)
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Ability to control when and how emotions are expressed
involves enhancing, maintaining, or inhibiting emotional arousal, which is usually done for a specific goal or purpose
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Gender difference in emotion
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women are more likely to interpret and demonstrate
stereotypes are enforced however it may be that men and women are actually wired for similar patterns of emotions but have learned from society to experience and express their emotions
Display rules- cultural expectations that prescribe…
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Cultural and Ethnic differences in emotion
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commonly are due to difference in display rules
few differences
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Anxiety
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phobias, generalized anxiety disorder(worry most of the time), panic disorder (body sensations), OCD (compulsions are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety)
experience so much fear and anxiety that they have great difficulty functioning normally
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Mood disorders
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moods overwhelm them, affect most of their interactions with the world, and make normal functioning almost impossible
depression, mania(very agitated)
bipolar disorder (mix of depression and mania)
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stress
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state brought on by any situation that threatens or appears to threaten a person's sense of well-being, thus challenging the individuals ability to cope
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stressor
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a situation or circumstance that triggers the stress response
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Duration of stress
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acute stressor- short term disruption of equilibrium (being yelled at by boss)
chronic stressor- long term disruption of equilibrium(long-term illness)
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Trauma and chronic negative events
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less common stressors in our present world
trauma -extreme disruptions in life, unexpected events that significantly alter life style
chronic negative events- long term negative circumstances (taking care of relative who is chronically ill)
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HPA axis
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where genetic and environmental factors converge in the brain
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Cortisol
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-stress hormone that regulates sugar metabolism and sugar usage in the body
-sugar directed to the leg muscles ----------for fleeing
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common hassels and transitions
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lost keys, intense work pressure
- add together to overwhelm individuals
-can lead to illnesses
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emotional responses to stress
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when peoples feel threatened by an event or situation, they typically experience a change in emotions or mood
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abnormal behavior
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any type of behavior that is not within the typical range of behavior exhibited by most people of similar age, gender, culture, when in similar circumstances
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Clinically Abnormal
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Abnormal behavior is normal behavior that is taken to an extreme either in intensity or duration that causes an individual distress or dysfunction in some way
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4 d's related to diagnosis
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-deviance: behavior is abnormal
-distress: behavior causes significant distress or concern to individual
-dysfunction: day to day life
-danger: causes harm or creates risk or harm to self or others
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Differential diagnosis
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Process of elimination
-Identify unknown
-List of possibilities
-Broad
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comorbity
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when people qualify for two or more diagnoses
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ways to measure psychological disorders
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DSM-IV-TR
400 mental disorders
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behavior therapy
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action based focused on changing behavior through the use of classical and operant conditions.
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systematic Desensitization
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a complex procedure involving progressive relaxation and graded exposure to phobic stimuli
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Exposure Therapy
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present the CS in the absence of the UCS until extinction of the CR
-faster than systematic desensitation
-better for less circumscribed fears
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Token economy
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-behavior modification based on operant conditioning principles that rewards desired behaviors
-patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for some privilege or treat
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Cognitive Therapy
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teaches individuals new cognitions, adaptive beliefs, expectations, and ways of thinking in order to eliminate abnormal emotions and behavior
restrictive thinking; therapists challenges self-defeating beliefs
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Cognitive Distortions
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dysfunctional, maladaptive thoughts that are not accurate reflections or reality and contribute to psychological disorders
maladaptive thoughts as the root cause of psychological problems...may give way to cognitive vulnerability
- proposed by Beck
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Rational emotive therapy/ rational emotive behavioral therapy
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-Example of cognitive behavioral approach
-emphasis on changing how we think but it also focuses on changing how we act
-Ellis
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insight-oriented therapy
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face-to-face discussion of life problems and associated feelings; psychodynamic therapy
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Techniques of Client Centered Therapy
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1. empathy
2. unconditional Positive Regard- must convey positive feelings for the client regardless of the clients thoughts, feelings, or actions
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psychoanalysis
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– A procedure for investigation, a method of treatment, and an accumulated collectionof psychological information used to understand those aspects of mental life that are obscure and apparently unreachable. Psychoanalytic theory suggests that although it is a difficult process, one can co…
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tardive dyskinesia
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extrapyramidal effects that appear after taking drugs for extended time (more than a year)
10% develop it, difficult to eliminate
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electroconvulsive therapy "shock therapy"
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-brain seizure is induced by passing electrical current through head
-treatment for severe depression
-faster than meds
-increasing in popularity but controversial
memory problems- debate over severity and duration of memory impairment
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Psychosurgery
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Brain surgery, often used in hopes of relieving abnormal functioning.
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Impression Formation
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the process of making judgements of who other people are and how we feel about them
personality, like/dislike, trust/do not trust, similar to me (ingroup)/ different from me (outgroup)
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Attributional Biases: Fundamental Attribution Error
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the tendency to attribute others actions to internal causes while largely ignoring external factors that also may have influenced their behavior.
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Group (social psychology)
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2 or more ppl who share a common definition & evaluation of themselves & behave in such a definition
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Deindividuation
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Focusing on a "role" reduces the individual's awareness of the self as an independent individual who is personally responsible for an outcome.
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attitudes
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our relatively stable and enduring evaluations of things and people
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cognitive dissonance
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when we hold two contradictory beliefs, or when we hold a belief that contradicts our behavior, we experience a state of emotional discomfort
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conformatiy
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tendency to yield to real or imagined group pressure
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obedience
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occurs when people follow direct commands especially from an authority figure
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group
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organized, stable collection of individuals in which the members are aware of the influence on another and share a common identity
-interdependent(actions of one group members affect the rest)
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social facilitation
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an affect in which the presence of others enhances performance
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social loafing
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a phenomenon in which peole exert less effort on a collective task than they would on a comparable individual task
-free riding
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groupthink
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a form of faulty group decision making that occurs when group members strive for unanimity and this goal overrides their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action
Janis- mode of thinking that occurs when the desire of harmony in a decision making group over…
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Compliance
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The mildest type of conformity, undertaken to gain rewards or avoid punishments or discomfort
the change in behavior brought about through a direct request
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schizophrenia
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GEOL 1040: Exam 3