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PSYC 101: Exam 1
Broca's Area
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plays key role in production of speech
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Wernicke's Area
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plays key role in comprehension of speech
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corpus callosum
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"bridge" between two hemispheres of the brain
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Hippocampus
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related to memory
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Amygdala
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basic emotions (i.e. anger, fear)
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Thalamus
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relay incoming sensory information
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Hypothalamus
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regulation of biological drives (four F's)
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Cerebellum
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fine motor control, coordination and balance
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Pons
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regulation of sleep
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Medulla
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regulation of vital functions, such as respiration and heart rate
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Feature detectors
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cells in the visual cortex that are highly specialized and respond only to very specific aspects of complex stimuli
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frequency theory
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best explains low-pitch sounds
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place theory
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best explains high-pitch sounds
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olfactory system
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only sensory system to bypass thalamus processing
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in what way are the gustatory and olfactory systems similar?
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the receptors for both systems are designed to respond to chemical substances (molecules)
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door-in-the-face technique
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first, unreasonable request followed by more reasonable, lesser request
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Adenosine
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neurotransmitter blocked by caffeine
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opponent process theory
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theory of vision based on
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intermodal perception
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information from two or more senses influencing perception
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perceptual set
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expectations lead to "seeing what you want to see"
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parietal lobe
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touch processing
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temporal lobe
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auditory processing
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prefrontal cortex
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higher-order cognitive processes (planning, decision making, emotional control)
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primary motor cortex
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controls voluntary movements
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primary somatosensory cortex
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area of the parietal lobe where messages from the sense receptors are registered
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primary visual cortex
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located in occipital lobe, receives information directly from visual system
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primary auditory cortex
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located in temporal lobe, performs basics of hearing
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psychoanalytic perspective
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unconscious motives
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behavorial perspective
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envir. influences on observable behavior
key scientists: John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner
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humanistic perspective
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personal growth, freedom (most optimistic)
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cognitive perspective
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conscious thoughts, beliefs, expectations
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biological perspective
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body structures and processes
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evolutionary perspective
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adaptation, natural selection
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empiricism
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knowledge is gained through experience
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rationalism
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knowledge is gained through logical reasoning
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correlational research
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observational, degree of correlation b/w variables is measured
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experimental research
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tests causality
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Glia
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support, "glue" cells
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neurons
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communication
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CT scan
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worst but cheapest - X Ray
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MRI
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maps structure
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PET
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shows rate/location of brain activities
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fMRI
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shows structure + amount of activity
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ACh
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voluntary muscle movement, memory
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considered founder of psychology
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considered founder of psychology
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philosophy (descartes) , physiology (helmholtz)
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philosophy (descartes) , physiology (helmholtz)
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structuralism
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Edward Titchener, analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how they are related
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functionalism
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theory that purpose of consciousness should be emphasized over structure, William James, Stanley Hall
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operational definition
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used to measure something otherwise unquantifiable
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inferential statistics
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used to draw conclusions from sample to whole
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levels
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the # of ways the variable is manipulated
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oligodendrocytes & schwann cells
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create myelin sheath (schwann cells only in PNS)
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astrocytes
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synchronize communication b/w neurons, nurtures cells, and removes waste products
"cleans up"
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microglia
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part of immune system, remove waste products
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radial glia
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guides migration and growth of immature neurons
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EPSPs > IPSPs =
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action potential in second neuron
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catecholamines
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dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
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indolamines
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seratonin
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CNS
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brain + spinal cord
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PNS
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everything besides brain and spinal cord
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4 lobes of cerebral cortex
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occipital (visual), parietal (touch), temporal (auditory), frontal (motor skills)
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vestibular system
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Sense: Balance
Stimulus: Gravitational Pull
Process: Semicircular canals filled with vestibular sacs. Fluid w/in sacs moves and creates action potentials in hairs
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Somatosensory system
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Sense: feeling
Stimulus: heat/cold, mechanical pressure, vibrations, noxious stimuli
Process: polymodal nerves are embedded in the body, nociception (feeling of pain) only occurs if pain inhibitors are deactivated
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Monocular clues
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can be viewed with only one eye, include:
height in plane
linear perspective
texture gradient
interposition
light and shadow
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GABA
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responsible for most inhibition in CNS
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limbic system
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network including hippocampus and amygdala, related to emotion and memory
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