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HIST 112: Final Exam
Warren G. Harding
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1920 republican in office; turns against progressive reforms; gov. out of economy is key to growth
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"Ohio Gang"
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Harding's friends he gives jobs to in office; pocket money and corrupt the government
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Calvin Coolidge
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Vice president to Harding; "silent cow"
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Andrew Mellon
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Secretary of Treasure; works with president coolidge to reduce taxes, limit federal expenditures and retire part of the national debt
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Herbert Hoover
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1928 republican president; feared inflation rather than deflation
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"Buy on the margin"
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big players pick company and raise their stocks; reg people start to buy on credit from the rich and then the price drops below the margin and people lose all of their investments
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Deflationary Spiral
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lower production brings down every feature of the economy; to stop this, money needs to be added into the economy
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Hawley-Smoot Tariff
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1930; many economists disliked this; raised taxes on agricultural and manufactured imports; led to retaliation from Europe
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Reconstruction Finance Administration
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(RFA) bail out failing institutions (financial) and businesses
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First Hundred Days
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FDR focuses on relief to suffering individuals
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"Brain Trust"
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Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House; more influential than the cabinet
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Agricultural Adjustment Administration
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(AAA)limit agricultural production to limit supply in order to increase prices and help farmers; seems wasteful to public because so many people are hungry
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Dust Bowl
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turn land that is not suitable for production into crops; soil becomes dry and blows away
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Tennessee Valley Authority
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(TVA) teaches farmers about technology to increase productivity; brings cost of electricity down; builds dams and creates jobs
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National Recovery Administration
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(NRA) bring stability to market by making regulations: set prices/wages/quality control; brings closer to planned economy
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Schecter Poultry vs. US
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gov. places a regulation on "straight killing" and accused this poultry business of selling sick animals
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Court-Packing Scheme
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(Judiciary ReorganizationBill of 1937) number of justices on supreme court isn't inscribed; for every justice 70+ years, FDR can appoint another one; expansion of pres. power
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Huey Long
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radical populist; gov. of Louisiana; builds skyscraper state house during depression; attacks the wealthy and doesnt accept resistance
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Lebensraum ("living space")
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believe that real Germans are the best race in the world; more space for Germans to live
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Rome Berlin Axis
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1936; close sooperation between Italy and Germany; alliance to take over Europe
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Anschluss ("Joining")
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March 1938; Germany annexes Austria; violation of Versailles
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Douglas MacArthur
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A General who commanded a broad offensive against the Japanese that would move north from Australia, through New Guinea, and eventually to the Philippines.
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Pearl Harbor
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Dec. 6/7, 1941; two waves of japanese planes destroyed Pearl Harbor; 2,500 people dead, 200 planes destroyed, 13 ships destroyed
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D-Day
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June 6, 1944; over a million troops stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France
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Manhattan Project
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trying to make atomic bomb with scientists and they want to test it; Truman finds this out after FDR dies
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Rosie the Riveter
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symbolizes importance of women rules during the war
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"Double V" Campaign
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victory over segregation and in the war
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Casablanca
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propoganda movie in support of war
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War Relocation Camps
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1942- 11,000 Japanese moved into camps within the U.S; all U.S. citizens but of Japanese decent
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Major General Leslie Groves
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allowed army to research the atomic bomb; purchased land in New Mexico for testing
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J. Robert Oppenheimer
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unknown if he could get along with other people w/i the project; headed bomb project in Los Alamos; later accused of being a comunist sympathizer
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Trinity
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name for the testing of the bomb; named after a poem
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Enola Gay
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Aug, 6, 1945- b29 named after pilots mom; plane used to drop atomic bombs
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Uranium-235
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uranium isotope used to make atomic bomb
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Fat Man
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atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki
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Little Boy
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atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
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Plutonium
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what made up the Fat Man atomic bomb
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Yalta Conference
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Feb. 1945- meeting between the Big 3: FDR, Churchill, Stalin; discuss post war reorganization of Europe
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Potsdam Conference
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July 1945- Truman, Churchill, Stalin; "What Europe will look like"; 1/2 through Churchill is replaced by new prime minister
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Iron Curtain
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split Germany into different ideologies (everyone thinks their ideology is superior); now East Germany (communist) and West Germany (Capitalist)
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Containment
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don't let communism spread/ don't want military assult
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Truman Doctrine
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contain communism by providing financial aid to countries
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Marshall Plan
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1947- $13 billion to European nations trying to rebuild their economy because they don't these countries to turn to communism
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Raisin Bombers
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German children call the planes dropping candy into East Germany this
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Korean War
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North Korea invades South Korea
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38th Parallel
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devides North and South Korea (south: capitalist, north: communist)
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House Un-American Activities Committee
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1945- investigate suspected communists acting as spies in the U.S; turn towards Hollywood to investigate people related to soviet movies
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Pumpkin Papers
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documents proving Alger Hiss was a spy
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Hollywood Ten
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When Hollywood producers and writers were called to testify, this group of people refused to answer questions about their own political beliefs and those of their colleagues, they were sent to jail for contempt.
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Alger Hiss
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employee of state department accused for being Soviet spy by Chambers who was another spy
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McCarthyism
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accusation of being communist without evidence; tells people that soviet spys are within the government and they arent acting on it
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Liberal Consensus
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life is prospering because of liberal ideals
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Managerial Liberalism
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both parties believe in the welfare state
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Republican in 1952 election; no one wants him in office so he chose a VP people liked--Nixon
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"I Like Ike"
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Eisenhower's campaign slogan
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Interstate Highway System
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1956-government achievement on infrostructure and essential for national security
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Peacy and Prosperity
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1956- Eisenhower's election campaign slogan; America is a powerhouse and the economy is on the rise
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22nd Amendment
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limits presidents to two terms
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John F. Kennedy
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1960 Democratic president; bay of pigs; "New Frontier" ; looked young and changed the face of president on t.v; assasinated nov.22,1963--Johnson takes over
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Lyndon B. Johnson
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took over presidency for Kennedy; ran against Kennedy but lost democratic spot so he became VP; helped get votes in south; constructed Great Society; important part in ending segregation
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Richard Nixon
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VP for Eisenhower; ran against Kenndey in '63 but lost; pres. after Johnson; war hero/ pumpkin papers; good at debating
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Helen Gahagan Douglas
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ran for senate in 1950 and Nixon called her a communist; called Nixon "tricky dick" because of his dirty politics
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Tricky Dick
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nickname for Nixon because of dirty politics
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The Kitchen Debate
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(friendly) Khruschev vs. Nixon in 1959 about capitalism can provide a "well stocked kitchen" for everyone and communism can not
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Televised Presidential Debate
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1960- people watching thought JFK won and listeners thought Nixon won; importance of looking presentable
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Election of 1960
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JFK vs. Nixon; JFK wins
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Fidel Castro
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1959- overthrew Cuban regime and made it revolutionary socialist regime-- Soviets now had allies close to the United States
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Bay of Pigs Invasion
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April 6, 1941- exciles were trained to invade Cuba to pick up support to overthrow the regime; failed and had to negotiate with Castro to release the prisoners
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Cuban Missle Crisis
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JFK and Khruschev in standoff because Soviet were building missles in Cuba; JFk wanted construction to stop but reached agreement if US never invaded Cuba again and took our missles from Turkey
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New Frontier
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JFK domestic agenda; wanted to expand medical care and use fed. money to kickstart the economy; budget was 100 billion but little was accomplished
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Camelot
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JFK's life portrayed Camelot because of his family, hope and ambition
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Affluent Society
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1950s- happy time and the bad things happening were overlooked
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The Other America
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1962- the part of America that no one was paying attention to; 40-50 million people living in poverty
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The Great Society
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Johnson's domestic plan; two goals were to fixing poverty to where they dont need government help and to end racial discrimination
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War on Poverty
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1964- calls on Congress to pass Economic Opportunity Act in order to eliminate poverty
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Economic Opportunity Act
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programs from welfare to educate spending, preschool programs under poverty line, legal services for poverty, disadvantaged youth job opportunities, etc.
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Social Security Act
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1965- medicare and medicade were created
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Elementary Education Act
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provided funding for schools
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Higher Education Act
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provides for low interest loans
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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seperate is constitutional only if it is equal
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Smith v. Allwright
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all white primaries are unconstitutional
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Brown v. Board
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seperate but equal in schools does not work and is unconstitutional; takes a long time to take effect
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Little Rock Nine
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9 black students that try to attend a white high school are stopped by mobs and finally soldiers have to let them in
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Bull Connor
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set off fire hoses and attack dogs on peaceful protesters; face of racial discrimination
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
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blacks refused to ride the busses until they are equal and it hurts the bus companies profit; supreme court sats that blacks can ride bus and it ends
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference
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MLK is first president; African American civil rights group
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Sit Ins
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Blacks wanted to be treated like patrons; most famous in NC
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Sit Ins
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Blacks wanted to be treated like patrons; most famous in NC
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Freedom Rides
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protestors in Birmingham; got very violent
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Call for Unity
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8 Clergy men release this; MLK is outsider demolishing Birmingham and it should be resolved by locals
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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bans segregation in public places, employment; Strom Thurmond opposes and switches to Republican (start of switching parties); didnt work well
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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Federal protection of minorities to vote; literacy tests were no longer allowed; completed what Reconstruction started
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