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PSYC 330: EXAM 2
type vs. trait |
type: categorical dimension of personality
trait: continuous dimensions of personality |
Single trait approach |
Focusing on one trait and learning as much as possible about its behavioral correlates, developmental antecedents, and life consequences |
Self monitoring |
-Public vs. private self
-High self monitors change their behavior to fit the situation
-Predictions
-High: Better at job interviews, social positions and opportunities, use different strategies to influence others, more attuned to bodily/environmental feedback |
Optimism |
People who tend to hold positive expectations for the future
vs. pessimists, who have a negative outlook
|
optimism predictions |
-optimists tend to be happier, even w/negative circumstances
-better coping mechanisms
-less "giving up" tendencies
-accepting reality of the situation
-possible to be too optimistic (i.e., not dealing with negative situations) |
Hardiness and the 3 Cs |
-Existential courage
-Commitment: No matter how stressful it gets, stay in close contact with people and events
-Control: No matter how complex is gets, continue to have an influence on outcomes around you
-Challenge: Life is changing and stressful, but that is an opportunity to grow from what you learn by seeing by what you can make of circumstances
|
Hardiness predictions |
-More meaning in life
-Fewer health effects from situations
-Better performance |
Dark traits |
-narcicism: inflated ego
-Machiavelianism: selfish, manipulative
-Psychpathy: antisocial, remorsefulness
-Aggresion
-Intepersonal dysfunction
-Cheaters and stealers
-"Powerfull" jobs |
Top-down method |
start with a theory
Try to identify traits and prove that they are essential
Hans Eysenck
|
Bottom-Up Method |
-No preconceived notions
-Battery of tests
-Raymond Cattell (16 personality factors)
-This is where the big 5 came from |
Lexical hypothesis |
-Important aspects of human life will be labelled with words, and that if something is truly important and universal, many words for it will exist in all languages
-Precursor to the Big 5 |
Big 5 Traits |
-OCEAN
-Openness to experience
-Conscientiousness
-Extraversion
-Agreeableness
-Neuroticism
|
orthogonal dimensions |
-Traits are unrelated, you can be high in one and low in another
-Each trait is made up of a number of smaller facets |
Openness to Experience |
High scores: imagination, creativity, preferring variety, curiosity
Low scores: Down-to-Earth, uncreativity, preferring routines, un-curiosity
Desire artistic expression, welcome change and challenge, Liberal attitudes, drug use, musical, etc. |
Conscientiousness |
-Job performance
-More likely to go to and stay is school
-Less likely to participate in risky behaviors
-Live longer, healthier lives |
Extraversion |
-sense of sociality
-interact well in meetings
-firm handshakes
-prominent frat members
-desires high status careers
-Higher levels of well being vs. introverts |
Agreeableness |
-Trust, straightforward, complaint, modest,
-High scores: soft-heart, trust, generous, lenient, good-natured
-Low scores: ruthless, suspicious, stingy, antagonistic, cynical
-Honest, ethical, selfless, etc. |
Neuroticism |
Subjective experience of anxiety and general distress
-Anxiety, hostility, depression, self consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability to stress
High scores: Anxious, temperamental, self-pity
Low scores: Calm, even tempered, self-satisfied, comfortable, un-emotional |
What is optimal in terms of Big 5 |
high in OCEA
Low in N |
Method's for examining the relationship between the brain and personality |
-Brain damage
-Brain stimulation
-Brain imaging |
Brain damage |
-Examine how a person's personality changes after their brain is damaged
-Remove part of the brain and see how that influences personality (mostly animal studies) |
Brain stimulation/brain imaging |
-Stimulate a certain part of the brain and see how it affects personality
-EEG, fMRI, PET |
Eysenck's theory |
-Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
-Assumption that the ARAS can open and close the channels of info and stimulation into the brain, and that people vary in how their ARAS works. Some let a great deal in, others are more prone to reduce it.
-A person who's open wide ARAS causes chronic arousal are introverts, one with a more closed ARAS causing chronic under-arousal are extraverts |
Geen's study |
Introverts and extraverts performed equally well on task where they were allowed to choose level of background noise
-Extraverts chose higher levels of stimulation |
Necker Cube Hypothesis |
Most people see the cube the same, but they don't know if non-humans absorb it the same way |
Hemispheric asymmetry |
-Davisdon, positive emotions and hemispheric asymmetry
-Left to right activation associated with positive emotions
-Personal growth, purpose in life, self-acceptance |
Prefrontal lobes and social behavior and disorders |
-E.g. autism and aspergers
-Impaired social function, prefer predictability
-Perhaps lack a clear theory of mind
-Impairments of prefrontal cortex linked with aspergers |
Dopamine |
-neurotransmitter
-turns motivation into action
-Key role in the brain controlling body movements
-Part of sociability and activity level
-Problems processing dopamine can produce reward deficiency syndrome (alcoholism ,drug abuse, etc.)
- |
Seratonin |
-Plays a role in the inhibition of behavioral impulses
-Seratonin depletion can lead to anger and depression
-Critical role in "stability" |
Hormones |
Transmit information from glands into the bloodstream
-Men and women can differ on levels of some hormones |
Epinephrine and non- epinephrine |
-Epi Throughout the body
-Non-epi: in brain
-When released into the bloodstream, heart speeds up (adrenaline) |
Oxytocin |
-Fight or flight/tend and befriend |
testosterone and estrogen |
testosterone: aggresiveness,dominance, anger, etc.
-both a cause and effect of behavior
-antisocial behavior
estrogen: idk |
Cortisol |
-Released into bloodstream as a response to stress
-Part of body's preparation for action
-Stress, anxiety, depression tend to be associated with high levels of cortisol
-Rise of cortisol seems to be an effect rather than cause of stress |
oxytocin |
-Romance, sexual desire, mother-child bonding |
phenotype |
observable behavior and traits of a person |
genotype |
genetic structure of a person |
How do people study behavioral genetics? |
-Genetic variation
-Selective breeding
-Twin studies
-Adoption studies |
Heritability coefficient |
A measure of the extent to which heredity contributes to individuals differences in a trait for a group of people |
Shared environment |
-Me and Em had a shared environment and look at us |
Three kinds of nature-nurture interactions |
Same environment has different effects of different individuals
-Individuals may select different types of environments |
Basic premises of evolutionary theory |
-Reproduce
-Survive
-Pass down our genes |
Sex differences in evolutionary theory |
-Heterosexual men prefer younger partners, heterosexual women prefer older partners
-Men value attractiveness, women resources
-Men think about sex more |
Psychic determinism |
The Freudian assumption that everything that happens in a person's mind has a specific cause |
Levels of personality |
-Conscious level: part of your mental function you can observe
-Pre-conscious level: Not thinking at the moment, but can easily. Ex: think of an apple
-Unconscious: all of id, superego, most of ego. Biggest level, influences behavior without you knowing it
|
Secondary process thinking |
What we think ordinarily. Conscious mind |
Primary process thinking |
Unconscious mind. Does not contain the word "no".
-Focuses on desire |
Types of anxiety |
Reality: fear of danger in the outside world
Neurotic: Fear of being overwhelmed by unacceptable impulses
Moral: Fear of being punished for violations of ethics, morals, etc. |
Psychic conflict |
Two parts of the mind with incompatible urges. Ego must defeat id |
Defense mechanisms |
-Repression
-Displacement
-Denial
-Projection
-Reaction Formation
-Rationalization
-Undoing
-Sublimation |
Repression |
-most basic
-Just block it out
|
Displacement |
-Redirecting unnaceptable thoughts |
Denial |
Insisting things are not the way they seem |
Projection |
Projecting one's unacceptable qualities on others
-Ex: loud person saying someone else is loud |
Reaction formation |
Keeps an anxiety in check by producing it's opposite |
Rationalization |
Producing a seemingly logical rationalre for doing something wrong.
-Ex: drinking the night before a test to blow off steam |
Undoing |
Performing a ritual act to undo a wrong, or right a wrong
-Ex: buy wife flowers after abusing her |
Sublimation |
-Displacement of an impulse to a quiet, socially acceptable environment
-Displacement of an impulse which releases all of the built up psychic energy successfully (blowing off steam) |
Approach vs. avoidance motivation |
approach rewards (also anger)
avoid punishment |