View
- Term
- Definition
- Both Sides
Study
- All (134)
Shortcut Show
Next
Prev
Flip
PSYC 101: Exam 2
Neurogenesis and Synaptogenesis
|
Dendrites and axons grow and synapses develop
|
Pruning
|
the developing brain eliminates unnecessary or redundant synapses
|
Myelination
|
development of myelin sheaths around axons
|
Hemispheric Specialization
|
Occurs early in life, Spacial perception occurs around age 8
|
Plasticity
|
Brain's ability to reorganize or reshape in response to internal and external sources
|
Women's brain composition
|
equal gray and white matter
|
Men's brain composition
|
More white than gray matter
|
Navigational Information: Men vs Women
|
Women Use right parietal cortex, men use left hippocampus
|
Peripheral Nervous System
|
Connects CNS to the rest of the body
|
Spinal Cord
|
Extension of the brain, controls simple reflexes, transmits messages between the brain and the peripheral nervous system
|
Somatic Nervous System
|
All sensory nerves, Transmits senses to the CNS
|
Autonomic Nervous System
|
Transmits info from your brain to the rest of your body
|
Absolute Threshold
|
Minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be detected (Candle 30 miles away)
|
Difference threshold
|
The smallest increase or decrease of a physical stimulus that produces a different sensation (Just Noticeable difference)
|
Weber's Law
|
2% Weight Change
.33% Pitch Change
20% Taste change
|
Sensation
|
Process there the sense pick up visual, auditory, and sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain
|
Perception
|
Sensory Information that is actively organized and interpreted by the brain
|
Sensory Receptors
|
Specialized Cells in sense organs that detect specific kinds of stimuli
|
Transduction
|
Converts information into electrochemical language
|
Sensory Adation
|
We become use to a sensation and stop noticing it
|
Attention
|
The process of sorting through sensations and selecting some for further processing
|
Selective Attention
|
Focus on a specific aspect or experience
|
Inattention Blindness
|
Focusing on something different
|
Prior Knowledge
|
Enhances or leads to perceptual errors
|
Bottom-Up Processing
|
Received stimulus are combined with prior knowledge to make interferences about received patterns
|
Top-Down Processing
|
Previous experience and conceptual knowledge are used to recognize stimuli and logically deduce individual components of that whole
|
Perceptual Set
|
Expectation of what you think you're going to see can affect your perception
|
Rods
|
Helps eyes respond to low levels of light and shaped like a cylinder
|
Cones
|
Cone shaped cells that allow us to see color and fine detail in good light
|
Rhodopsin
|
Chemical that helps us adapt to light levels (Break apart in bright light
|
Cornia
|
Transparent front covering that bends light rays
|
Pupil
|
Small opening that admits light
|
Iris
|
Colored part of eye that controls pupil
|
Retina
|
Tissue that contains sensory receptors
|
Lens
|
Transparent disc behind iris that focuses images
|
Fovea
|
Small area at center of retina where vision is sharpest
|
Blind Spot
|
Point where optic nerve joins retina
|
Optic Nerve
|
Nerve that connects the eye to the brain
|
Presbyopia
|
Old eyes, lens stops flexing
|
Myopia
|
Nearsightedness
|
Hyperopia
|
Far sighted
|
Hue
|
Dimension of light that refers to the specific color
|
Saturation
|
purity of color which is the degree to which the light waves producing it are the same wavelengths
|
Brightness
|
Intensity of a color
|
Trichromatic Theory
|
3 retinal cones (red, blue, green)
|
Opponent-Process theory
|
3 kinds of cells respond by increasing and decreasing and firing rates when see different colors
|
Gestalt
|
German word that roughly refers to the whole being greater than the sum of its parts
|
Principles of Grouping (4)
|
Similarity
Proximity
Continuity
Closure
|
Similarity
|
Objects that have similar characteristics are grouped together
|
Proximity
|
Objects that are close together are perceived as belonging together
|
Continuity
|
Figures or objects are perceived as belonging together if they appear to form a continuous pattern
|
Closure
|
Figures with gaps in them are perceived as complete
|
Perceptual Constancy
|
We understand that objects don't grow or shrink as they move towards us
|
Shape constancy
|
Object shape is constant regardless of view
|
Brightness Constancy
|
brightness is constant no matter intensity of light
|
Binocular Cues
|
Combined images- difference between two retinal images
|
Monocular cues
|
Information from one eye
|
Interposition
|
When one object partly blocks your view
|
Linear perspective
|
Parallel lines converge
|
Real Motion
|
Edges of retina, sense of stability
|
Motion Parallax
|
When riding in a car, objects seem to be going opposite direction and at different speeds
|
Apparent Motion
|
Perception of light moving
|
Freud and Dreams
|
Unconscious experiences you want
|
Jung and Dreams
|
Dreams are unconscious feelings to compensate for conscious attitudes- Archetypes
|
Frequencies we can hear
|
20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
|
Amplitude
|
Loudness
|
Who discovered what hearing was?
|
Boyle
|
Timbre
|
Distint quality of sound
|
Audition
|
Sensation and process of hearing
|
Outer Ear
|
Pinna, funnels sound inward
|
KNOW THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR
Place Theory
|
Pitch is determined by place along basilar membrane where vibration occurs
|
Frequency Theory
|
Frequency of hair cell vibrations determine pitch- max out at 1000 hz
|
Volley Principle
|
Clusters of neurons fire in synchronized pattern
|
Hearing Loss
|
1/1000 infants, 4/10 older adults
|
Conduction deafness
|
Affects eardrum or bones in middle ear
|
Sensorineural hearing loss
|
Damaged cochlea
|
Intensity of Smell is determined by
|
number of neurons firing at the same time
|
Smell and Memory
|
Alzheimer's patients lose sense of smell first
|
Smell and Emotion
|
Smell bypasses hippocampus
|
Pheromones
|
Chemicals dissolved in the air that tell us what to do
|
Gustation
|
Sense of Taste
|
5 Tastes
|
Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
|
Three Tasters
|
Supertasters, Nontasters, normal
|
Pain-Control Theory
|
Area of spinal cord that acts as a gate that either blocks or transmits pain to the brain- send faster signals to lower pain
|
This part of the brain is changed by chronic pain
|
Amygdala
|
Kinesthetic Sense
|
Information about parts of body in relation to each other- incorporates visual information with sensory info from joints and muscles
|
Vistibular Sense
|
Detects info about body's orientation in space- inner ear
|
Semicircular Canals
|
fluid filled tubular canals in the inner ear, senses rotation of the body
|
Consciousness
|
Thoughts,
Feelings,
Sensations,
External Stimuli
|
Altered Consciousness
|
Sleep, Mediation, Hypnosis, Drugs
|
Circadian Rhythms
|
Daily fluctuations from high to low points of certain body functions- 24 hours
|
SCN
|
Pair of tiny structures in the hypothalamus that control circadian rhythms
|
Pineal Glad
|
Secretes melatonin from dusk to dawn
|
Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome
|
Difficulty falling asleep, brought on by hormonal changes
|
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome
|
Fall asleep at extraordinarily early times
|
Subjected Night Affected
|
When the biological clock is telling you to go to sleep
|
Restorative Theory
|
Being awake produces wear and tear, sleep restores body and mind
|
Circadian Theory
|
We sleep to keep humans out of harm's way and away from predators
|
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
|
"Active Sleep,"
20-25% of a night's sleep, memory consolidation
|
NREM Sleep
|
4 sleep stages, slow heart rate
|
Stage 1
|
Transition from waking to sleeping, irregular waves and occasional alpha waves
|
Stage 2
|
transition from lighter to deeper asleep, sleep spindles
|
Stage 3
|
Deeper sleep, slow wave sleep begins, delta waves 20%
|
Stage 4
|
Deepest Sleep, delta waves at 50%
|
REM period
|
new cycle begins
|
Sleep Deprivation
|
difficulty concentrating, attention lapses, irritability, decreased cognitive function, Microsleeps (2-3 sec)
|
Parasomnia
|
Waking behaviors and physiological state occur in sleep
|
REM rebound
|
Increased amount of REM sleep after REM deprivation
|
Somnambulism
|
Sleepwalking- partial arousal from Stage 4
|
Sleep Terror
|
Happens during partial arousal com Stage 4
|
Somniloquy
|
Sleeptalking- any sleep stage
|
Dyssomnias
|
Timing, quantity, or quality of sleep is impaired
|
Narcolepsy
|
Incurable sleep disorder, uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep
|
Sleep Apnea
|
Breathing stops during sleeping
|
REM dreams
|
Story/ Memorable
|
NREM Dreams
|
Less memorable, thoughts
|
REM Sleep dreaming
|
Lower serotonin and norepinepherine lead to less inhibition of thoughts
|
Freud and dream interpretation
|
Dreams satisfy unconscious sexual and aggressive desires
|
Manifest Content
|
The facts that happen in the dream
|
Latent Content
|
Underlining meaning of the dream
|
Cognitive Dream Theory
|
Dreaming is thinking while sleeping
|
Activation-Synthesis hypothesis
|
Dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random firing of brain cells during sleep
|
Evolutionary Theory of Dreaming
|
Vivid REM dreams enable people to rehearse the skills needed to fend off predators
|
Meditation
|
Not fully awake or asleep, intense focus
|
Hypnosis
|
Uses the power of suggestion to induce changes in a person's thoughts, feelings, behavior, etc
|
Sociocognitive Theory of Hypnosis
|
Behavior of a hypnotized person is a function of that person's expectations of how one should act when hypnotized
|
Neodissociation Theory
|
Hypnosis splits aspects of contra of consciousness- planning/ monitoring
|
Dissociated Control Theory
|
Hypnosis weakens the control of the executive function of consciousness
|
Psychoactive Drug
|
A substance that can affect consciousness, mood, perception, thought
|
Stimulants mimic the affect of....
|
Epinephrine
|
Affects of Stimulant Use
|
Suppress appetite, increase blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and reduce cerebral blood flow
|
Caffeine Withdrawal
|
Nervousness, Instability, Headaches, Drowsiness, Decreased Alertness
|
Nicotine
|
Increase alertness, suppresses appetite, hypnosis is ineffective
|
Amphetamines
|
Increases arousal, relieve fatigue, can cause confused and disorganized behavior
|