134 Cards in this Set
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Neurogenesis and Synaptogenesis
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Dendrites and axons grow and synapses develop
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Pruning
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the developing brain eliminates unnecessary or redundant synapses
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Myelination
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development of myelin sheaths around axons
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Hemispheric Specialization
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Occurs early in life, Spacial perception occurs around age 8
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Plasticity
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Brain's ability to reorganize or reshape in response to internal and external sources
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Women's brain composition
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equal gray and white matter
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Men's brain composition
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More white than gray matter
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Navigational Information: Men vs Women
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Women Use right parietal cortex, men use left hippocampus
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Connects CNS to the rest of the body
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Spinal Cord
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Extension of the brain, controls simple reflexes, transmits messages between the brain and the peripheral nervous system
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Somatic Nervous System
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All sensory nerves, Transmits senses to the CNS
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Transmits info from your brain to the rest of your body
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Absolute Threshold
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Minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be detected (Candle 30 miles away)
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Difference threshold
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The smallest increase or decrease of a physical stimulus that produces a different sensation (Just Noticeable difference)
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Weber's Law
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2% Weight Change
.33% Pitch Change
20% Taste change
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Sensation
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Process there the sense pick up visual, auditory, and sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain
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Perception
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Sensory Information that is actively organized and interpreted by the brain
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Sensory Receptors
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Specialized Cells in sense organs that detect specific kinds of stimuli
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Transduction
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Converts information into electrochemical language
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Sensory Adation
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We become use to a sensation and stop noticing it
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Attention
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The process of sorting through sensations and selecting some for further processing
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Selective Attention
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Focus on a specific aspect or experience
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Inattention Blindness
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Focusing on something different
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Prior Knowledge
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Enhances or leads to perceptual errors
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Bottom-Up Processing
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Received stimulus are combined with prior knowledge to make interferences about received patterns
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Top-Down Processing
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Previous experience and conceptual knowledge are used to recognize stimuli and logically deduce individual components of that whole
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Perceptual Set
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Expectation of what you think you're going to see can affect your perception
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Rods
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Helps eyes respond to low levels of light and shaped like a cylinder
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Cones
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Cone shaped cells that allow us to see color and fine detail in good light
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Rhodopsin
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Chemical that helps us adapt to light levels (Break apart in bright light
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Cornia
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Transparent front covering that bends light rays
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Pupil
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Small opening that admits light
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Iris
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Colored part of eye that controls pupil
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Retina
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Tissue that contains sensory receptors
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Lens
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Transparent disc behind iris that focuses images
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Fovea
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Small area at center of retina where vision is sharpest
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Blind Spot
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Point where optic nerve joins retina
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Optic Nerve
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Nerve that connects the eye to the brain
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Presbyopia
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Old eyes, lens stops flexing
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Myopia
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Nearsightedness
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Hyperopia
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Far sighted
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Hue
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Dimension of light that refers to the specific color
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Saturation
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purity of color which is the degree to which the light waves producing it are the same wavelengths
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Brightness
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Intensity of a color
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Trichromatic Theory
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3 retinal cones (red, blue, green)
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Opponent-Process theory
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3 kinds of cells respond by increasing and decreasing and firing rates when see different colors
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Gestalt
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German word that roughly refers to the whole being greater than the sum of its parts
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Principles of Grouping (4)
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Similarity
Proximity
Continuity
Closure
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Similarity
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Objects that have similar characteristics are grouped together
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Proximity
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Objects that are close together are perceived as belonging together
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Continuity
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Figures or objects are perceived as belonging together if they appear to form a continuous pattern
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Closure
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Figures with gaps in them are perceived as complete
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Perceptual Constancy
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We understand that objects don't grow or shrink as they move towards us
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Shape constancy
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Object shape is constant regardless of view
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Brightness Constancy
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brightness is constant no matter intensity of light
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Binocular Cues
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Combined images- difference between two retinal images
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Monocular cues
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Information from one eye
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Interposition
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When one object partly blocks your view
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Linear perspective
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Parallel lines converge
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Real Motion
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Edges of retina, sense of stability
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Motion Parallax
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When riding in a car, objects seem to be going opposite direction and at different speeds
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Apparent Motion
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Perception of light moving
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Freud and Dreams
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Unconscious experiences you want
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Jung and Dreams
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Dreams are unconscious feelings to compensate for conscious attitudes- Archetypes
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Frequencies we can hear
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20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
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Amplitude
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Loudness
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Who discovered what hearing was?
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Boyle
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Timbre
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Distint quality of sound
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Audition
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Sensation and process of hearing
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Outer Ear
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Pinna, funnels sound inward
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KNOW THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR
Place Theory
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Pitch is determined by place along basilar membrane where vibration occurs
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Frequency Theory
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Frequency of hair cell vibrations determine pitch- max out at 1000 hz
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Volley Principle
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Clusters of neurons fire in synchronized pattern
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Hearing Loss
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1/1000 infants, 4/10 older adults
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Conduction deafness
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Affects eardrum or bones in middle ear
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Sensorineural hearing loss
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Damaged cochlea
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Intensity of Smell is determined by
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number of neurons firing at the same time
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Smell and Memory
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Alzheimer's patients lose sense of smell first
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Smell and Emotion
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Smell bypasses hippocampus
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Pheromones
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Chemicals dissolved in the air that tell us what to do
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Gustation
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Sense of Taste
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5 Tastes
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Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
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Three Tasters
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Supertasters, Nontasters, normal
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Pain-Control Theory
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Area of spinal cord that acts as a gate that either blocks or transmits pain to the brain- send faster signals to lower pain
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This part of the brain is changed by chronic pain
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Amygdala
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Kinesthetic Sense
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Information about parts of body in relation to each other- incorporates visual information with sensory info from joints and muscles
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Vistibular Sense
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Detects info about body's orientation in space- inner ear
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Semicircular Canals
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fluid filled tubular canals in the inner ear, senses rotation of the body
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Consciousness
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Thoughts,
Feelings,
Sensations,
External Stimuli
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Altered Consciousness
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Sleep, Mediation, Hypnosis, Drugs
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Circadian Rhythms
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Daily fluctuations from high to low points of certain body functions- 24 hours
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SCN
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Pair of tiny structures in the hypothalamus that control circadian rhythms
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Pineal Glad
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Secretes melatonin from dusk to dawn
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Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome
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Difficulty falling asleep, brought on by hormonal changes
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Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome
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Fall asleep at extraordinarily early times
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Subjected Night Affected
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When the biological clock is telling you to go to sleep
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Restorative Theory
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Being awake produces wear and tear, sleep restores body and mind
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Circadian Theory
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We sleep to keep humans out of harm's way and away from predators
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Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
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"Active Sleep,"
20-25% of a night's sleep, memory consolidation
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NREM Sleep
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4 sleep stages, slow heart rate
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Stage 1
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Transition from waking to sleeping, irregular waves and occasional alpha waves
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Stage 2
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transition from lighter to deeper asleep, sleep spindles
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Stage 3
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Deeper sleep, slow wave sleep begins, delta waves 20%
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Stage 4
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Deepest Sleep, delta waves at 50%
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REM period
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new cycle begins
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Sleep Deprivation
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difficulty concentrating, attention lapses, irritability, decreased cognitive function, Microsleeps (2-3 sec)
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Parasomnia
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Waking behaviors and physiological state occur in sleep
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REM rebound
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Increased amount of REM sleep after REM deprivation
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Somnambulism
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Sleepwalking- partial arousal from Stage 4
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Sleep Terror
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Happens during partial arousal com Stage 4
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Somniloquy
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Sleeptalking- any sleep stage
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Dyssomnias
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Timing, quantity, or quality of sleep is impaired
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Narcolepsy
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Incurable sleep disorder, uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep
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Sleep Apnea
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Breathing stops during sleeping
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REM dreams
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Story/ Memorable
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NREM Dreams
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Less memorable, thoughts
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REM Sleep dreaming
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Lower serotonin and norepinepherine lead to less inhibition of thoughts
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Freud and dream interpretation
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Dreams satisfy unconscious sexual and aggressive desires
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Manifest Content
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The facts that happen in the dream
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Latent Content
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Underlining meaning of the dream
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Cognitive Dream Theory
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Dreaming is thinking while sleeping
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Activation-Synthesis hypothesis
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Dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random firing of brain cells during sleep
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Evolutionary Theory of Dreaming
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Vivid REM dreams enable people to rehearse the skills needed to fend off predators
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Meditation
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Not fully awake or asleep, intense focus
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Hypnosis
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Uses the power of suggestion to induce changes in a person's thoughts, feelings, behavior, etc
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Sociocognitive Theory of Hypnosis
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Behavior of a hypnotized person is a function of that person's expectations of how one should act when hypnotized
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Neodissociation Theory
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Hypnosis splits aspects of contra of consciousness- planning/ monitoring
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Dissociated Control Theory
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Hypnosis weakens the control of the executive function of consciousness
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Psychoactive Drug
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A substance that can affect consciousness, mood, perception, thought
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Stimulants mimic the affect of....
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Epinephrine
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Affects of Stimulant Use
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Suppress appetite, increase blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and reduce cerebral blood flow
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Caffeine Withdrawal
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Nervousness, Instability, Headaches, Drowsiness, Decreased Alertness
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Nicotine
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Increase alertness, suppresses appetite, hypnosis is ineffective
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Amphetamines
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Increases arousal, relieve fatigue, can cause confused and disorganized behavior
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PSYC 101: Test 2