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BIOL 244: Exam 2
What occurs during each wave of an ECG?
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P Wave--> SA Node fires, Atria depolarize, Atria contract
QRS Complex--> Ventricles depolarize, Ventricles contract, Atria repolarize
T Wave--> Ventricles repolarize, Ventricles relax
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Leukocytes
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Structural Characteristics: only "true cells" (have nucleus, can reproduce)
Function: Defense
Classifications: Granular, Agranular
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Further Classifications of Leukocytes
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Granular: Neutrophils (acute infection), Basophils (histamine reaction), Eosinophils (allergic reaction--> parasitic infection)
Agranular: Lymphocyte (B,T Cells--> immune response), Monocyte (chronic infection)
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Thrombocytes
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Structural Characteristics: not true cells; fragments of a large cell/megkaryocyte
Function: Blood clotting
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Disorders of Blood Clotting
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Thrombi- a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
Emboli- if the thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely
Anticoagulant Drugs
Thrombocytopenia- # of circulating platelets is deficient
Impaired Liver Function
Hemophilias
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Types of Hemophilias
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Hemophilia A- no Factor VIII
Hemophilia B- no Factor IX
Hemophilia C- no Factor XI
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Which types of Hemophilias are sex-linked and which aren't?
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Hemophilia B and C are not sex-linked, while Hemophilia A is sex-linked
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Blood Types Chart
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Blood Types: A, B, O, AB
Antigen: A, B, -, A/B
Antibody: anti-B, anti-A, anti-A/anti-B, -
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Which blood type is the universal donor?
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O
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Which blood type is the universal recipient and the rarest?
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AB
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Active Immunity
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You have an exposure--> antibodies are made (ex: flu shot)
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Passive Immunity
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I'm going to give you the antibody
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Chambers and Valves of the Heart
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Chambers: Left Atrium, Right Atrium, Left Ventricle, Right Ventricle
Valves: Atrioventricular (Tricuspid, Bicuspid), Semilunar (Pulmonary, Aortic)
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Erythrocytes
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Structural Characteristics: small size, biconcave shape, bound by plasma membrane, no nucleus
Function: Transport oxygen
Production: Takes place in red bone marrow
Disorders: Anemia, Polycythemia
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Functions of Blood
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Transportation (because of blood) of nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, enzymes
Protection (WBC- foreign invaders, hemostasis- maintenance of blood--> blood clotting)
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Extrinsic Pathway
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Starts with tissue factor, which is released outside of the plasma in damaged tissue
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Intrinsic Pathway
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Starts when inactive Factor XII, which is in the plasma, is activated by coming into contact with a damaged blood vessel
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Tunics of the Blood Vessels
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(Inside--> Out) Tunica Intama, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa
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Types of T-Cells
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THelper, TCytotoxic (Killer), TSupressor
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Blood Flow through the Heart
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Vena Cava, Right Atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Semilunar Valve, Pulmonary Trunk, Pulmonary Arteries, Lungs, Pulmonary Veins, Left Atrium, Bicuspid Valve, Left Ventricle, Aortic Semilunar Valve, Aorta, Body
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Coronary Circulation
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the functional blood supply of the heart
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Types of Pacemakers
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On Demand (looks for SA node to fire), Constant
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Pulmonary Circulation
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The right side of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood from body tissues and then pumps this blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and dispel carbon dioxide
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Systemic Circulation
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The left side of the heart receives the oxygenated blood returning from the lungs and pumps this blood throughout the body to supply oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
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Electrical Conduction System of the Heart
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SinoAtrial Node, Atrioventricular Node, Atrioventricular Bundle, R/L Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers
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Differences found in Fetal Ciruculation
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Foramen Ovale (flap between Right and Left Atrium), Ductus Arteriosis (Pulmonary Trunk and Aortic Arch), Umbilical Vein (brings nutrients and oxygen to baby), Umbilical Arteries (waste and carbon dioxide away from baby), Ductus Venosus (when Umbilical Vein enters baby)
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Tetraology of Fallot
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R=>L Shunt. PROVe. Pulmonary Stenosis, RVH, Overriding Aorta, VSD. RVH=> BOOT HEART. Early Cyanosis. Caused by anterior superior displacement of the infundibular septum.
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3 Types of BLood Vessels
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Capillaries (direct contact with tissue cells and serve cellular needs), Arteries (carry blood away from heart), Veins (carry blood to heart)
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Overall Functions of Lymphatic System
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To protect from foreign invasion
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Organs and Tissues of Lymphatic System
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Organs: Tonsils (gather and remove pathogens entering pharynx), Thymus (where lymphocytes mature), Spleen (blood cleansing), Peyer's Patches (similar to tonsils), Appendix (destroy bacteria, long-term immunity)
Tissues: Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue and Lymphoid Follicles (ensure that lymphocytes reach infected/damaged sites quickly
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2 Types of Lymphocytes
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T Cells, B Cells
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T Cells
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manage immune response, some directly attack and destroy infected cells
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B Cells
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protect the body by producing plasma cells (antibodies), memory cells
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Immunity
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resistance to disease
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Nonspecific Resistance
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External body membranes- skin and mucous membranes
Internal defenses- antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, fever
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
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type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells
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Humoral Immunity
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specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids
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Types of Immunoglobulins
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IgG - most abundant, neutralizes bacterial toxins, source of maternal antibodies
IgA - protects mucus membranes
IgM - neutralizes organisms in the blood
IgE - allergic reesponse, parasitic infection
IgD - recognition of 'self' and 'foreign'
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Types of Anemia
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Hypovolumeic- low volume (Cause--> Trauma)
Hemolytic- blood cells broke apart (Cause--> blood transfusion reactions)
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Genetic; Beta cells have single protein difference that changes shape of hemoglobin/RBC, carries less oxygen; cells aren't flexible; African descent
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