108 Cards in this Set
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East
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It was commonly believed that magical wisdom came from the ____.
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holy men
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___ ___ were thought to have special magical connections to the gods due to ancestry or learning, which gave them special powers.
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moral instructions
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Holy men used their powers to give ___ ___ and for human benefit.
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Apollonius
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___ a 1st. c. CE Holy man and philosopher known for confronting Emperor Domitian for his wrongdoings.
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mystery cult
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A ___ ___ is a semi-religious organization that has secret wisdom available only to those who are initiated.
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Cult of Isis
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The ____ __ ____ (and Serapis/Osiris) is an example of a mystery cult that spread across the Mediterranean in the 1st c. CE.
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Isis
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___ was an Egyptian goddess, married to Osiris, prince of the underworld.
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one divine force
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followers of the Cult of Isis believed that Isis and Serapis were the male and female aspects of ___ ___ ____ ruling the universe.
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distinct social group
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Jews had their own religious practices and writings, forming their own ____ ___ ____. (Unit 5)
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65
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By ___ BC, Jewish state in Jerusalem was a regional power but was short-lived due to a rocky relationship with the Romans
(Unit 5).
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Sadducees
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Local leaders of Judaea favored by the Romans - collaborated with Rome.
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Pharisees
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Teachers who favored social separation from Romans to keep jewish morals and purity.
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Judaea
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There were radical Jewish movements in ___ against Roman rule.
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66
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There were several rebellion attempts such as in ___ BC by Zealots that resulted in the Roman destruction of the Jewish temple in 70 CE.
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messiahs
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New revolts led by "____" in 115-117 CE and 132-135 CE were crushed.
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South Judaea
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Revolts led to the death and enslavement of 1-2million Jews and their banishment from ___ ____.
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150
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By ___ CE Rome was permitting Jewish practices in public.
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Torah
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Rabbis began winning influence, teaching the ____ as the word of God.
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seek Jewish unity
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Rabbis urged them to ___ ___ ___ stating that their fighting was the reason their temple was destroyed.
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re-interpreted the Bible
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Rabbis heavily ___ ____ ___ _____, claiming their sayings were needed for correct interpretation.
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50 AD
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Jesus' followers refused to accept his death and by ___ ___ his followers numbered a few thousand.
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cult of christ
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Jesus' followers after his death were led by his brother James, convinced that he would return leading to the formation of the ___ __ ____.
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44-62 AD
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Pauls missions spanned from ___ - ___ ___.
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never met Jesus
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Paul was a Jewish, Greek-speaking, Roman citizen who ___ ____ ____.
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unite
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Although he first opposed Jesus' following, he joined and looked for ways to ___ his followers and was known for his seven letters.
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seven
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Number of letters Paul wrote.
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different united bound faith
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Paul's key idea was that a community of _____ people could be _____ and ____ by ____ thanks to Jesus.
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Mark John
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Early gospel writers such as ___ and ____ showed hostility towards the Jews and their leaders for not accepting Jesus as the Messiah.
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70
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Mark & John claimed that God destroyed their temple in ___ CE and that they needed to seek his forgiveness.
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chosen people
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Christians later claimed that Jews had been abandoned by God and that they were his new ___ ____.
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precise belief
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Christians argued over what they believed about God, Jesus and that ___ ___ mattered.
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heresy
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arbitrary teaching
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Christians
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claimed their ways to be orthodox
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polytheists
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most romans were ___ in 200 CE.
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minority
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There were 1-2million Jews as a public, permitted, religious ___ in 200 CE.
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illegal movement
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Christianity was a new, ____ ____ met with hostility in 200 CE.
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N Rhine Danube R
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During the 3rd Roman Imperial Crisis, Germanic groups of _ ____ and ____ _ reorganized and Germanic warriors began raiding Roman provinces more often.
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Sassanids
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In the 220s CE, the ____ emerged as a New Dynasty and reunited Mesopotamia and Iran, forming the new Persian empire.
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160-250
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New epidemic diseases due to trade took a chunk out of the Roman population in ____ __ _____.
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usurpers
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Romans also encountered problems with succession leading to civil war and ____ challenging existing emperors (internal 3rd c. roman crises)
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Diocletian
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Reforms made by ___ (284-305) increased the size of the imperial government.
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Diocletian reforms
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fairly raising taxes with price control, expanding the army, and centralized the government.
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Caesar's
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Diocletian also sought stable succession by appointing 1 co-emperor and 2 "_____", creating a tetrarchy.
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313
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Constantine issued an edict in ___ that called for the toleration of all religious groups, legalization of church, and allowance of Christian's reclaiming property stolen from them during persecutions.
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New Rome
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Constantinople was a "___ ____" and second capital for the city, built to glorify himself.
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361-363
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Julian's rule from ____ - ____ CE.
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denounced Christianity philosophers
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During Julian's rule he, ____ ______, supported the rebuilding of Jewish temples, and turned to _____ to reorganize polytheism.
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363
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Julian died in battle against the Persians in
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Theodosius I
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Showed off his piety to win support, showing favor only to the Christian religion.
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sermons and followers
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Emperors and officials helped to choose bishops, but bishops with ___ ___ ____, could lobby emperors and officials.
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orthodox
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Bishops constantly argued over what was ____, constantly dividing the church into factions, calling each other heretics.
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Arians
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believed that Christ/Son of God was "similar in substance" to God.
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Nicenes
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Believed that Jesus was "of the same substance" as God the Father.
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Nicene Council
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The arguments among church officials led to the formation of the ___ ___ in the 5th c. (by the emperor)
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Philosophy of Plato
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Pagans continued, with many favoring the ____ __ ___.
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370 Huns
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Germanic groups lived N. of the Roman world until around ___ when they were disrupted by the ___.
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Roman
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German groups then wished to enter ___ lands and were greatly mistreated, until they revolted, killed an emperor, and urged the decline of Roman influence and power, forcing the Romans to strike deals with them to protect against invasion.
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450s autonomous
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By the _____ barbarian ___ zones were becoming regional kingdoms.
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Visi-Goths
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The ___ ____ were the first big barbarian kingdom and continued with Roman customs, religion being the only thing separating them.
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Franks
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The longest lasting were the ____ in N. France and were Roman allies until 930 CE.
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Vandals
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____ were the most hostile with the Romans, and a smaller kingdom, but the richest.
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decreased
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By the 460s the Roman Empire had ____ in size and was ruled by 2 emperors: 1 in Constantinople and 1 in Italy
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forcible retired
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A Roman emperor ___ ___ an emperor and took over Italy. (460s)
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Ostro-Goth
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The emperor in Constantinople hired the ___ ____ to take Italy, and they allowed Roman culture to continue.
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stable richest
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The Eastern Empire was relatively ___ and the area's ___ state.
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Eastern Empire
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More successful at beating back Barbarian invaders, possessed a big army supported by taxes, and a thriving economy.
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526-565
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Justinian's reform
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Justinian
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sought Christian Roman power and unity from 526-565.
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codified and Christianized
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During his reign, he ___ ___ ______ 1,000s of years of Roman law.
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20 years
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Justinian launched a major and destructive war against the Barbarian kings that lasted ___ ___ and waged during the same time as the 22 year war against Persia.
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four fronts
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At one point in time, Justinian was fighting on ___ ___.
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540s CE
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The wars coincided with epidemic disease, killing 1/3rd of the Roman population in _____ __.
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750
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The plague recurred several times until ___ CE.
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population economy
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The plague caused a drop in ____ and ____.
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Arabs
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The Great Roman-Persian War of 602-628 was a brutal religious war with ____ caught in the middle.
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civil war
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The Great Roman-Persian war was sparked by a three way Roman ___ ___.
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Zorastrian
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___ Arabs sided with Persia.
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Christian
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____ Arabs sided with Rome.
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570 CE
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Its agreed that Muhammad was born around ___ __ and was raised by his uncle, became a successful merchant and married a rich woman.
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624
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Muhammad created the Islamic State of Medina by ____, converting polytheists and allied with Jewish tribes.
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jihad
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a united of followers against struggles that threatened the Islamic community.
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Caliph
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After Muhammad's death in 632, a council chose Abu Bakr as the first ____.
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Caliphs
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___ were religious and political leaders who were able to defeat the Persian empire, shrink the Roman empire, and bring all of Arabia under the Islamic community.
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monotheists
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By the 650s, the Caliph ruled over 30 million; they enslaved some, but did not try to force their faith as long as they were ____.
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Early Medieval Period
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650-1050
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Ali
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Big arguments started over who should be Caliph with the Umayyads (old leading family in Quraysh) being challenged by ___.
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Ali
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Knowledgeable of Islamic prophecy and claims of family holiness (Muhmmad's son in law and cousin)
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Umayyads
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Civil war in 656-661; murdered Ali and the ______ take over.
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Shiites
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Ali's followers
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Umayyad Dynasty
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The ____ ____ ruled from 661-750.
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two
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___ sets of government: for Muslims and non-Muslims during the Umayyad dynasty.
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limit Islam
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Umayyad caliphs try to ___ ___ to "Arabs"
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Abbasids
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____ revolted against the Umayyads and successfully overthrew them in 751.
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Abbasid
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The ___ Caliphate eliminated policy of separation, placed everyone under amirs, and conquests were slowed, also allowed everyone to become Muslim.
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decentralized
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Abbasid caliphated was _____ and then fractured.
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viziers
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Abbasid caliphate grew less intersted in governing their own realms and began hiring ___; let amirs secure more power = loss of military authority.
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amirs
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more powerful; indirect rule; less centralized; by 830, they had dynasties.
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Ulama
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religious scholars (Sages); had own school of Islamic faith; told caliphs to stop issuing religious law.
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Turks Turkish
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Mid 9th c. use of ___ as freed-slave soldiers led to a powerful ____ general.
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middle
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broader ___ class that could move up in society by the 10th-11th c; increased trade with India and China.
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Byzantine
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by 960, ____ had the largest army in the region.
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Byzantium
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Early medieval ___ had a deep bureacracy, huge merchant class, less capitalist than a caliphate.
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Charles Martel
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___ ___ was a general and stopped Islamic expansion into France in 732.
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Charlemagne
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Grandson of Martel, and ruled from 768-813; undertook massive conquests.
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Charlemagne
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___ sponsored markets and merchants; built a palace; supported church and missionaries in Germany; made pope guide Christian teaching.
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invasions
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By the 9th c., power was fragmenting between Charlemagne's grandsons due to ____ by Vikings, Hungarians, and Muslims
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930
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By ___ regional kingdoms were built and the Latin Christendom allied with the Byzantine empire (Collapse of Charlemagne's empire)
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Latin Christendom
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early medieval ___ ____: Small bureacracy; upper class of warlords, many peasants, servants, women had no property rights.
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HIST 101: Exam 1