UGC 112: Exam 1
91 Cards in this Set
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Angkor Wat
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Magnificent Khmer Vaishnavite temple that crowned the royal palace in Angkor. It had statues representing the Hindu pantheon of gods.
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Cahokia
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Commercial center for regional and long-distance trade in North America. Its hinterlands produced staples for urban consumers. In return, its crafts were exported inland by porters and to North American markets in canoes.
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Compass
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Navigation instrument invented by the Chinese and used to determine directions with a magnetized needle, which always points to the North cardinal direction on the compass rose.
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Crusades
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Wave of attacks launched in the late eleventh century by western Europeans. The First Crusade began in 1095, when Pope Urban II appealed to the warrior nobility of France to free Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Four subsequent Crusades were fought over the next two centuries.
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Delhi Sultanate
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(1206 - 1526) Turkish regime of Northern India. The regime strengthened the cultural diversity and tolerance that were a hallmark of the Indian social order, which allowed it to bring about political integration without enforcing cultural homogeneity.
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Dhimma system
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Ottoman law that permitted followers of religions other than Islam, such as Armenian Christians, Greek Orthodox Christians, and Jews, to choose their own religious leaders and to settle internal disputes within their religious communities as long as they accepted Islam's political dominio…
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Dhows
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Ships used by Arab seafarers; the dhow's large sails were rigged to maximize the capture of wind.
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Feudalism
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System instituted in medieval Europe after the collapse of the Carolingian Empire (814 ce) whereby each peasant was under the authority of a lord.
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Kubilai Khan
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(1215 - 1294) Mongol leader who seized southern China after 1260 and founded the Yuan dynasty.
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Mongols
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Combination of nomadic forest and prairie peoples who lived by hunting and livestock herding and were expert horsemen. Beginning in 1206, the Mongols launched a series of conquests that brought far-flung parts of the world together under their rule. By incorporating conquered peoples and …
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Rajas
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'King' in the Kshatriya period in South Asia; could also refer to the head of a family, but indicated the person who had control of land and resources in South Asian city-states.
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Sufism
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Emotional and mystical form of Islam that appealed to the common people.
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Black Death
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Great epidemic of the bubonic plague that ravaged Europe, East Asia, and North Africa in the fourteenth century, killing large numbers, including perhaps as many as one-third of the European population.
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Dynasty
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Hereditary ruling family that passed control from one generation to the next.
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English Peasants' Revolt
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(1381) Uprising of serfs and free farm workers that began as a protest against a tax levied to raise money for a war on France. The revolt was suppressed but led to the gradual emergence of a free peasantry as labor shortages made it impossible to keep peasants bound to the soil.
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Humanism
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The Renaissance aspiration to know more about the human experience beyond what the Christian scriptures offered by reaching back into the ancient Greek and Roman texts.
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Inquisition
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Tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church that enforced religious orthodoxy during the Protestant Reformation.
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Jacquerie
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(1358) French peasant revolt in defiance of feudal restrictions.
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Khan
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Ruler who was acclaimed at an assembly of elites and supposedly descended from Chinngis Khan on the male line; those not descended from Chinngis continually faced challenges to their legitimacy.
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Monarchy
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Political system in which one individual holds supreme power and passes that power on to his or her next of kin.
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Moors
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Term employed by Europeans in the medieval period to refer to Muslim occupants of North Africa, the western Sahara, and the Iberian Peninsula.
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Ottoman Empire
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Rulers of Anatolia, the Arab world, and much of southern and eastern Europe in the early sixteenth century. They transformed themselves from nomadic warrior bands who roamed the borderlands between Islamic and Christian worlds in Anatolia into sovereigns of a vast bureaucratic empire. The…
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Red Turban movement
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Diverse religious movement in China during the fourteenth century that spread the belief that the world was drawing to an end as Mongol rule was collapsing.
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Renaissance
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Term meaning 'rebirth' that historians use to characterize the expanded cultural production of European nations between 1430 and 1550. Emphasized a break from the church-centered medieval world and a new concept of humankind as the center of the world.
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Shah
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Traditional title of Persian rulers.
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Sikhism
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Islamic-inspired religion that calls on its followers to renounce the cast system and to treat all believers as equal before God.
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Topkapi Palace
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Political headquarters of the Ottoman Empire; it was located in Istanbul.
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Zheng He
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(1371â€"1433) Ming naval leader who established tributary relations with Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean ports, the Persian Gulf, and the east coast of Africa.
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Atlantic system
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New system of trade and expansion that linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas. It emerged in the wake of European voyages across the Atlantic Ocean.
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Aztec Empire
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Mesoamerican empire that originated with a league of three Mexico cities in 1430 and gradually expanded through the Central Valley of Mexico, uniting numerous small, independent states under a single monarch who ruled with the help of counselors, military leaders, and priests. By the late…
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Colonies
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Regions under the political control of another country.
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Columbian exchange
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Movements between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas of previously unknown plants, animals, people, diseases, and products that followed in the wake of Columbus's voyages.
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Conquistadors
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Spanish military leaders who led the conquest of the New World in the sixteenth century.
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Counter-Reformation
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Movement to counter the spread of the Reformation; initiated by the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent in 1545. The Catholic Church enacted reforms to attack clerical corruption and it placed a greater emphasis on individual spirituality. During this time, the Jesuits were founded to…
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Holy Roman Empire
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Enormous realm that encompassed much of Europe and aspired to be the Christian successor state to the Roman Empire. In the time of the Habsburg dynasts, the empire was a loose confederation of principalities that obeyed an emperor elected by elite lower-level sovereigns. Despite its size,…
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Inca Empire
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Empire of Quechaspeaking rulers in the Andean valley of Cuzco that encompassed a population of 4 to 6 million. The Incas lacked a clear inheritance system, causing an internal split that Pizarro's forces exploited in 1533.
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Jesuits
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Religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola to counter the inroads of the Protestant Reformation; the Jesuits, or the Society of Jesus, were active in politics, education, and missionary work.
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Mestizos
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Mixed-blood offspring of Spanish settlers and native Indians.
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Mughal Empire
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One of Islam's greatest regimes. Established in 1526, it was a vigorous, centralized state whose political authority encompassed most of modern-day India. During the sixteenth century, it had a population of between 100 and 150 million.
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New World
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Term applied to the Americas that reflected the Europeans' view that anything previously unknown to them was 'new,' even if it had existed and supported societies long before European explorers arrived on its shores.
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Protestant Reformation
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Religious movement initiated by sixteenth-century monk Martin Luther, who openly criticized the corruption in the Catholic Church and voiced his belief that Christians could speak directly to God. His doctrines gained wide support, and those who followed this new view of the Christianity …
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Absolute monarchy
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Form of government where one body, usually the monarch, controls the right to tax, judge, make war, and coin money. The term enlightened absolutists was often used to refer to state monarchies in seventeenth and eighteenth-century Europe.
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Bullion
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Uncoined gold or silver.
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Canton system
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System officially established by imperial decree in 1759 that required European traders to have Chinese guild merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees.
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Chartered companies
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Firms that were awarded monopoly trading rights over vast areas by European monarchs (e.g., Virginia Company, Dutch East India Company).
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Enclosure
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A movement in which landowners took control of lands that traditionally had been common property serving local needs.
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Mamluks
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(Arabic for 'owned' or 'possessed') Military men who ruled Egypt as an independent regime from 1250 until the Ottoman conquest in 1517.
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Manchus
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Descendants of the Jurchens who helped the Ming army recapture Beijing in 1644 after its seizure by the outlaw Li Zicheng. The Manchus numbered around 1 million but controlled a domain that included perhaps 250 million people. Their rule lasted more than 250 years and became known as the …
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Mercantilism
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Economic theory that drove European empire builders. In this economic system, the world had a fixed amount of wealth, which meant one country's wealth came at the expense of another's. Mercantilism assumed that colonies existed for the sole purpose of enriching the country that controlled…
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Monetization
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An economic shift from a barter-based economy to one dependent on coin.
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Muscovy
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The principality of Moscow. Originally a mixture of Slavs, Finnish tribes, Turkic speakers, and many others, Muscovy used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate a powerful state and expanded to become the Russian Empire, a huge realm that spanned parts of Europe, muc…
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Qing dynasty
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(1644 - 1911) Minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth.
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Seven Years' War
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(1756 - 1763) Worldwide war that ended when Prussia defeated Austria, establishing itself as a European power, and when Britain gained control of India and many of France's colonies through the Treaty of Paris.
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Specie
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Money in coin.
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Thirty Years' War
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(1618 - 1648) Conflict begun between Protestants and Catholics in Germany that escalated into a general European war fought against the unity and power of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Tokugawa shogunate
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Hereditary military administration founded in 1603 that ruled Japan while keeping the emperor as a figurehead; it was toppled in 1868 by reformers who felt that Japan should adopt, not reject, Western influences.
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Cartography
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Mapmaking.
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Creoles
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Persons of full-blooded European descent who were born in the Spanish American colonies.
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Enlightened absolutists
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Seventeenth and eighteenth-century monarchs who claimed to rule rationally and in the best interests of their subjects and who hired loyal bureaucrats to implement the knowledge of the new age.
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Enlightenment
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Intellectual movement in eighteenth-century Europe stressing natural laws and reason as the basis of authority.
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Forbidden City of Beijing
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Palace city of the Ming and Qing dynasties.
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Great plaza at Isfahan
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The center of Safavid power in the seventeenth century created by Shah Abbas (r. 1587 - 1629) to represent the unification of trade, government, and religion under one supreme political authority.
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Laissez-faire
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The concept that the economy works best when it is left alone -- that is, when the state does not regulate or interfere with the workings of the market.
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Oceania
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Collective name for the lands of Australia and New Zealand and the islands of the southwest Pacific Ocean.
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Palace of Versailles
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The palace complex, eleven miles away from the French capital of Paris, built by Louis XIV in the 1670s and 1680s to house and entertain his leading clergymen and nobles, with the hopes of diverting them from plotting against him.
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Peninsulars
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Spaniards who, although born in Spain, resided in the Spanish colonial territories. They regarded themselves as superior to Spaniards born in the colonies (Creoles).
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Scientific method
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Method of inquiry based on experimentation in nature. Many of its principles were first laid out by the philosopher Sir Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626), who claimed that real science entailed the formulation of hypotheses that could be tested in carefully controlled experiments.
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Taj Mahal
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Royal palace of the Mughal Empire, built by Shah Jahan in the seventeenth century in homage to his wife, Mumtaz.
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Topkapi Palace
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Political headquarters of the Ottoman Empire, located in Istanbul.
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Simón Bol'var
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(1783 - 1830) Venezuelan leader who urged his followers to become 'American,' to overcome their local identities. He wanted the liberated countries to form a Latin American confederation, urging Peru and Bolivia to join Venezuela, Ecuador, and Colombia in the 'Gran Colombia.'
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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(1769 - 1821) General who rose to power in a post-Revolutionary coup d'etat, eventually proclaiming himself emperor of France. He placed security and order ahead of social reform and created a civil legal code. Napoleon expanded his empire through military action, but after his disastrous…
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Bourgeoisie
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The middle class. In Europe, they sought to be recognized not by birth or title, but by capital and property.
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Democracy
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The idea that people, through membership in a nation, should choose their own representatives and be governed by them.
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East India Company
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(1600 - 1858) British charter company created to outperform Portuguese and Spanish traders in the Far East; in the eighteenth century the company became, in effect, the ruler of a large part of India.
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Free labor
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Wage-paying rather than slave labor.
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Free markets
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Unregulated markets.
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Free trade
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Domestic and international trade unencumbered by tariff barriers, quotas, and fees.
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Industrial revolution
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Gradual accumulation and diffusion of old and new technical knowledge that led to major economic changes in Britain, northwestern Europe, and North America, catapulting these countries ahead of the rest of the world in manufacturing and agricultural output and standards of living.
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Industrious revolution
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Dramatic economic change in which households that had traditionally produced for themselves decided to work harder and longer hours in order to produce more for the market, which enabled them to increase their income and standard of living. Areas that underwent the industrious revolution …
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Muhammad Ali
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Ruler of Egypt between 1805 and 1848. He initiated a set of modernizing reforms that sought to make Egypt competitive with the great powers.
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Nationalism
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The idea that members of a shared community called a 'nation' should have sovereignty within the borders of their state.
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Nation-state
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Form of political organization that derived legitimacy from its inhabitants, often referred to as citizens, who in theory, if not always in practice, shared a common language, common culture, and common history.
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Opium War
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(1839 - 1842) War fought between the British and Qing China over British trade in opium; resulted in the granting to the British the right to trade in five different ports and the ceding of Hong Kong to the British.
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Popular sovereignty
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The idea that the power of the state resides in the people.
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Republican government
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Government in which power and rulership rest with representatives of the people -- not a king.
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Social contract
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The idea, drawn from the writings of British philosopher John Locke, that the law should bind both ruler and people.
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spanish reconquista
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The taking back of Spain from the Muslims by the Christians.
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glorious revolution
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1688; The English revolted against their king and the Puritans took advantage and did what they wanted, disobeying the English government.
-established parliamentary supremacy and secured the Protestant succession to the throne
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french revolution
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1789-1799. Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executio…
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american revolution
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tsarist autocracy
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Final Study Guide