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SOC 101: Exam 2
values
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shared judgements about what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, right or wrong
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beliefs
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more specific ideas we hold about life, how society works, and where we fit in
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norms
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expected patterns of social behavior rules of behavior by members of a society and rooted in the value system
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folkways
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customs or desirable behaviors
ex: holidays
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mores
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matter of right and wrong
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taboos
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actions considered unthinkable or unspeakable
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laws
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norms that have been formally encoded by those holding political power in society
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sanctions
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reinforce norms through rewards and penalties
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social status
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positions you hold in the social world
defines how we interact with others and how others react to us in a specific situation
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ascribed status
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often assigned at birth and do not change during individual's lifetime
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achieved status
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chosen or earned decisions one makes and sometimes by personal ability
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master status
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at a particular time in life or under certain circumstances, one's status may become most important and take precedence over others
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roles
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expected behaviors, rights and obligations of a status
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socialization
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life long process of learning to become a member of the social world
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resocialization
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process of shedding one or more positions and taking on others
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formal agents
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socialization is stated goal
usually have some official or legal responsibility for instructing individuals
ex: families, social classes
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informal agents
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do not express purpose of socialization
function as unofficial forces that shape values, beliefs, and behaviors
ex: media
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transnationalism
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individual or a family that has national loyalty to more than one country
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social stratification
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how individuals and groups are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess
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cultural capital
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knowledge and access to important information in society
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social capital
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networks with others who have influence
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conspicuous consumption
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displaying goods in a way that others will notice and that will presumably earn the owner respect
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structural-functionalists theory
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-sees society as comprised by different parts (structures) each having a function. The parts work together through their functions to stabilize society into a harmonious and working whole
-to work hard and seek the highest positions in society and therefore get the best leaders in all occupations
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conflict theory
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conflict in society is inevitable because people and groups who own the means of production (the capitalists or bourgeoisie) exploit those who do not own such means (the workers or proletariat). The ongoing conflicts result in social change
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evolutionary theory
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1. to strive, people must cooperate
2. conflicts of interest occur over important decisions that benefit one individual or group over another
3. valued items like money and status are always in demand and in short supply
4. there is likely to be a struggle over these goods
5. customs and traditions in a society often prevail over rational criteria in determining distribution of scarce resources
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life chances
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one's opportunities based on achieved and ascribed status in society
ex: education, health
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lifestyle
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your attitudes, values, beliefs, behavior patterns, and other aspects of your place in your world, shaped by socialization
ex: achievement, religion, political behavior, status
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social mobility
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the extent to which people move up or down in the class system, especially from one generation to the next
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intergenerational mobility
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change in status compared to one's parents' status
ex: education and occupational attainment
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open class system
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allows movement between classes
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intragenerational mobility
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refers to the change in position in a single individual's life
ex: teacher's aide to school superintendent
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vertical mobility
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movement up or down in the hierarchy and sometimes involves changing social classes
ex: waitress to college degree in engineering to engineer
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ascribed stratification system
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characteristics determine one's position in society
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achieved stratification system
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allows individuals to earn positions through their ability and effort
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caste system
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ascribed stratification
individuals are born into a social class that which the must retain for their whole lives, they have predetermined occupational positions, marriage partners, residences, social associations, and prestige levels.
social classes are maintained by cultural norms and social control mechanisms that are deeply imbedded in religious, political, and economical norms and institutions.
ex: india
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estate system
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ascribed stratification
characterized by the concentration of economic and political power in the hands of a small minority of political-military elite, with the peasantry ties to the land
based on ownership of land, the position one is born into, or military strength. an individual's rank and legal rights are clearly spelled out and arranged marriages/religion bolster the system
ex: sharecroppers? middle ages, knights go off into war and peasants would take care of their land, peasants would receive protection and needs of survival
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social class systems
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achieved stratification
our social class position is based on the three main factors determining positions in the stratification system: 1) property (wealth), 2) power (control or influence over others), and 3) prestige (one's social recognition, esteem and respect commanded from others)
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material culture
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objects we can see or touch that are made by humans
ex: clothes
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nonmaterial culture
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invisible and intangible parts of culture; involve the society's rules of behavior, ideas, and beliefs that shape how people interact with others and their environment
comprised of values, beliefs, norms/rules and language
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power
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max weber
ability of people or groups to realize their own will in group action, even against resistance of others who disagree
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three power arenas
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1. nation-state: attempts to control the behavior of individuals through physical control (police force) or outright coercion (threats and violence) and symbolic control (intimidation and manipulation)
2. ability to influence social life
3. the control of economic resources and production allows the ruling class to keep ruling (approach to class structure)
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religion
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provides direction for appropriate and expected behaviors and serves as a form of social control for individuals within that society
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symbolic interaction theory
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-examines interactions among individuals and groups with the creation and use of symbols (material and nonmaterial such as concepts and ideals, inanimate and animate such as the eagle) that represent shared meanings.
-ex: language, gestures, the national flag, anthems and hymns, religious icons, dollar bills, sports figures and other celebrities (for instance, "sex symbols"), and holidays such as New Year's Eve and Labor Day
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ethnomethodology
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symbolic interaction theory
how people gain a shared understanding of what they do in everyday life (social actions)
study of people's methods
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structuration
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anthony gibbons (constitution of society)
social structures are constantly being created and reproduced, constructed and reconstructed based on the analysis of both structure and agents
ex: constitution, bill of rights, and amendments
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complex adaptive system (cas)
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basic principle or "rules" of operation and function
composed of agents
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inanimate agents in a cas
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inanimate agents in a cas
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social actions
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an act which takes into account the actions and reactions of individuals
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declaration of independence and revolutionary war
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constitutional convention and the writing of the US constitution in 1787; ratified in 1789
did not address existence of slavery
george washington was president from 1789 to 1797; died in 1799 at age 67
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crossing the delaware river
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washington and his army
december 1776
agents: weapons, clothes, weather, food, the river, houses, etc
washington and his troops attacked the Hessians in Trenton, NJ on Christmas Day, 1776
won the battle and was a turning point in the war
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civil war
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erupted in 1861 when confederate attacked fort sumter
south carolina was first to form the confederate side after lincoln was elected president in 1860
11 states confederate, 23 states union
nevada and west virgina joined union during the war
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key technology roles in civil war
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railroads and trains, high caliber bullets, bayonets, cannon
cotton gin was invented by whitney in 1793, which led to a increase in cotton demand which in contrast resulted in demand for more land and slaves
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mayflower
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agents: ship, beer/wine, animals, maps, solar energy, people, weather, etc
lead to establishment of massachusetts, 13 colonies, the declaration of independence (mayflower compact), formation of constitution (contract between mayflower members), separation of church and state
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role of technology
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creates socialization
evolution: fire, wheel, irrigation, steam engines, electricity, etc lead to industrial goods lead to capitalization lead to two class (working/owners)
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