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CHEM 102: FINAL EXAM
Colligative Properties |
-lower vapor pressure
-higher boiling point
-lower freezing point
-higher osmotic pressure
|
molality |
mol solute/mass solvent |
weight percent |
mass solute/total mass solution |
ppm |
mg solute/kg solvent |
boiling point elevation (deltaT(bp)=?)
|
K(bp) x m(solute) |
rate of reaction= |
k[A]^m[B]^y |
half life (t=...) |
ln2/k |
Arrhenius equation |
... |
equilibrium constant (Keq) |
the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium |
ICE table |
initial, change, and equilibrium. used to calculate equilibrium concentrations from initial concentrations
|
Q = K |
equilibrium |
Q > K |
shifts left |
Q < K |
shifts right |
every reaction between a Brønsted acid and Brønsted base... |
involves two conjugate acid-base pairs |
K(w) |
auto ionization content for water (1 x 10^-14 at 25 degrees Cel) |
entropy |
thermodynamic quantity that measures the degree of disorder in a system; the higher the entropy, the more the disorder |
Law of Thermodynamics-2nd Law |
Energy can be transformed or transfered |
Henderson-Hasselbach Equation |
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]) |
Formula for Gibb's Free Energy |
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS |
anode |
in a galvanic cell is the electrode at which oxidation occurs |
cathode |
where reduction takes place |
Nernst Equation |
Calculates the exact value of the equilibrium potential for each ion in mV. |
Free energy does what as a system approaches equilibrium? |
decreases to a minimum |
free energy of mixture of the reactants and products at equil is always _______ than that of pure |
lower |
when deltaG < 0 the reaction is proceeding _____ toward equal and... |
spontaneously
Q < K |
When deltaG = 0 |
Q = K |
cell notation |
... |
band of stability |
... |
how to calculate the binding energy with einstine's equation |
B.E. = Δmc2
change in mass = mass defect |
LeChatelier's Principle |
If a stress (change of conditions) is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts in the direction that reduces the stress, to move toward a new state of equilibrium |
Osmotic Pressure Equation |
π =MRT
|
decrease in temp will cause a ______ shift |
right |
decrease in volume will cause a _____ shift |
right |
anything with a lower Enot value can reduce something with a higher Enot |
true |
| =
|| = |
-electrode surface
-salt bridge
*anode on left |
electrons flow to the |
cathode |
K is always a function of the... |
temperature |
the reverse reaction has an equilibrium constant of... |
1/K(orig) |
hydroxide ion concentration |
[H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10^-14 |
acid strength is proportional to... |
the magnitude of Ka |
Ka x Kb = |
Kw |
strongest acid has the ______ conjugate base |
weakest |
ways in which entropy can increase? |
temperature rising
decreased pressure
solution is greater than pure substance
|