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BIOL 320: EXAM 1
Protan |
defect in red cones |
Protanomaly |
sensitivity with red cone functioning |
Protanopia |
Complete red cone deficiency |
Deutan |
defect in green cones |
Deutanopia |
complete green cone deficiency |
Tritan |
defect in blue cones |
Tritanopia |
complete deficiency in blue cones |
altered sensitivity in blue cones called |
N/A not seen |
Myopia |
short-sightedness
(objects near-by are clear; can't see far away)
|
Hyperopia |
long-sightedness/far-sightedness
(near-by objects are blurry; can see far away)
|
Presbyopia |
inability to focus on near objects with aging |
astigmatism |
blurred vision due to differences in the curvatures of the cornea or lens |
cones responsible for what? |
color differentiation |
rods responsible for what? |
contrast (light/dark) and night vision |
accommodation |
ciliary muscles adjust the lens so that the light from objects at different distances can properly focused on the retina |
anosmia |
inability to smell |
hemianopia |
blindness on the affected side (half of visual field)
(hemi = half) |
mydriasis |
pupil dilation |
diplopia |
double vision |
tic douloureaux |
damage to trigeminal neuralgia |
Bell Palsy |
paralysis of face on side of nerve damage |
vertigo |
loss of balance and equilibrium, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness |
dysphagia |
difficulty swallowing |
dysphonia |
hoarseness |
ageusia |
loss of taste sensation |
hypoptyalism |
decrease salivation |
EEG records what? |
changes in cortical neuron membrane potentials, especially of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
|
function of the superior colliculus? |
visual reflux center |
function of inferior colliculus? |
part of auditory relay center |
wave frequency is what? unit? |
peaks/second;
Hertz (Hz) |
K complex |
sudden increase in amplitude, irregular theta activity in stage 2 |
sleep spindles |
short bursts of 12-14hz brain waves, irregular theta activity in stage 2 |
awake but relaxed brain wave |
alpha waves |
awake, alert brain wave |
beta wave |
children brain waves |
theta waves |
deep sleep waves |
delta waves |
8 to 13 hz brain wave |
alpha |
13 to 30 hz brain wave |
beta |
4 to 8 hz brain wave |
theta |
0.5 to 4 hz brain wave |
delta |
30 and 50 hz brain wave |
gamma |
the more active the brain, the higher _____, and lower the _____ of the EEG |
frequency; amplitude |
controversial, Buddhist monk brain wave |
Gamma |
wake up chemicals |
orexins |
biological clock |
suprachiasmatic nucleus |
sleep-inducing center |
preoptic nucleus |
reticular activating center (RAS) |
sends impulses to keep cerebral cortex alert and conscious |
cones are concentrated where? |
fovea |
retina nerve cells |
Muller cells |
light first passes through the __? |
cornea |
process of light to reach retina |
cornea > pupil > lens > vitreous humor > retina |
fast pain is carried by __; slow pain carried by ___ |
myelinated A-delta fibers; unmyelinated C fibers |
thermoception |
sense of hot and cold |
prorioception |
perception of body position |
stroop test |
indv. ability to focus on color of word, instead of meaning of word |
when the optic nerve ceases to transmit visual information, with rapid eye movement |
saccadic masking |
area with no photoreceptors; where optic nerve and blood vessels enter/exit |
optic disc |
fovea is located in the center of the ____ |
macula |
stroop interference |
dissociating the color from the written word |
circle of willis |
circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to brain and surrounding structures |
cells in pineal gland |
pinealocytes, pineal neurons, perivascular phagocytes, interstitial cells |
acervuli |
calcium deposits in pineal gland, sign of alzheimer's |
pineal gland secretes |
melatonin |
thalamus is the... |
relay station |
anterior pituitary gland secretes what hormones? |
prolactin, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH (adrenocroticotropic hormone) |
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates what? |
production/stimulation of cortisol in adrenal gland |
posterior pituitary gland secrets what hormones?
|
oxytocin & antidiuretic hormone (adh) |
pars intermedia secretes what? |
alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone |
tapetum lucidum |
layer of tisue in many vertebrates; gives night vision |
Deutanomaly |
altered sensitivity in green cone function |