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The legless condition that is observed in several groups of extant reptiles is the result of _____.
several instances of the legless condition arising independently of each other
During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?
characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes
The term homoplasy is most applicable to which of the following features?
the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizards
Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures?
bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb
Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the racoon family (Procyonidae). If the molecular data best reflect the evolutionary history of these two groups, then the morphological similarities of these two species is more likely du…
possession of analogous (convergent) traits
Which of the following statements best describes the rationale for applying the principle of parsimony in constructing phylogenetic trees?
similarity due to common ancestry should be more common than similarity due to convergent evolution
A population of organisms will not evolve if ______.
all individuals variation is due only to environmental factors
Darwin and Wallace were the first to propose ______.
natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals 2. A change occurs in the environment 3. Genetic freque…
2,4,1,3
Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird?
bones in the flipper of a whale
Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution?
descent with modification
Which statement about variation is true?
All new alleles are the result of nucleotide variability.
Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface, the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by _______.
the founder effect
Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the embryos stop developing after a day and then die. These two frog species separate by _______.
reduced hybrid viability
Which of the following describes the most likely order of events in allopatric speciation?
genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence
Plant species A has diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be ________.
28
If a group of deer living in Europe have varying phenotypes, and over time it is determined that very big deer can survive by fighting and very small deer can survive by running while intermediate deer are being predated upon. What type of selection would this represent?
divergent/disruptive
In each fly species, the entire body segment that gave rise to the original flight wings is missing. The mutation(s) that led to the flightless condition could have _______.
altered the expression of a Hox gene
The existence of evolutionary trends, such as increasing body sizes among horse species, is evidence that _______.
in particular environments, similar adaptations can be beneficial to more than one species
A hybrid zone is properly defined as _____.
An area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring
In hybrid zones where reinforcement is occurring, we should see a decline in _____.
gene flow between distinct gene pools
According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that _______.
speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time
According to the biological species concept, for speciation to occur, ______.
at least one gene, affecting at least one phenotypic trait, must change
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life? 1. formation of protobionts 2. synthesis of organic monomers 3. synthesis of organic polymers 4. formation of DNA-based genetic systems
2,3,1,4
Which of the following is a defining characteristic that all protocells had in common?
a surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure
The first genetic material on Earth was probably _____.
self-replicating RNA molecules
What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth? 1. origin of mitochondria 2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 3. origin of chloroplasts 4. origin of cyanobacteria 5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses
4,1,3,2,5
What does the circled part of the phylogenetic tree above indicate?
an adaptive radiation and rapid speciation
What is true of the fossil record of mammalian origins?
it includes transitional forms with progressively specialized teeth
Which of the following organisms would be most likely to fossilize?
a common squirrel
Syphilis (Treponema palladium) is caused by a ______.
spirochete
One species of _____ is the most common cause of blindness in the world and also causes non-gonococcal urethritis - the most common sexually transmitted disease in the US.
chlamydia
In terms of the anatomy of a flower, the stigma, style and ovary collectively makeup the ______.
carpel
Legionnaire's disease and Salmonella are caused by ______.
gamma proteobacteria
Ringworm and "Athlete's Foot" are caused by what type of fungus?
Ascomycete
Amebic dysentery - caused by contaminated drinking water and/or food - is, on a pathogenic level caused by a member of the _______ clade.
Unikonta
The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack up on Gram-negative bacterium, that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of strucutres penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cy…
4, 1, 3, 2
Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share?
lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane
Mitochondria are thought to be the descendants of certain alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present on their chromosomes have moved to the nuclear genome. Which phenomenon accounts for the movement of these gene…
horizontal gene transfer
In prokaryotes new mutations accumulate quickly in populations, while in eukaryotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reasons for this are:
prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes
Bacteria perform each of the following ecological roles. Which role typically does NOT involve symbiosis?
decomposer
The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?
cyanobacteria --> green algae --> land plants
Which of the following have chloroplasts (or structures since evolve from chloroplasts) thought to have derived from ancestral green algae?
chlorarachniophytes
Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins (know as "bait and switch")?
Plasmodium Trypanosoma
Reinforced, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristics of ______.
forams
what is an aquatic protist that is a primary producer?
diatom
Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae _____.
are unicellular
The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably ______.
green algae
After 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape of Earth would have _______.
had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts, cyanobacteria and protists forming green mats on rocks
You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____.
is surrounded by a cuticle
The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to ______.
sporopollenein
The specific cell that causes liver damage is the rupture of:
merozoites
In the life cycle of a moss, spores develop into threadlike:
protonemata
Which of the following features of how seedless land plants get sperm to egg are the same as for some of their algal ancestors?
flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop
Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm?
it lacks gametangia (has only a reduced, microscopic gametophyte generation)
Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms?
male gametophyte
Within the gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development assuming that fertilization occurs? 1. sporophyte embryo 2. female gametophyte 3. egg cell 4. megaspore
4, 2, 3, 1
What is a characteristic of all angiosperms?
double internal fertilization
Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all ______.
modified leaves
You look through a transmission electron microscope at a flagellum. Within that flagellum you see a "hook, a rod and a filament." The organism you are looking at is a member of:
gamma proteobacteria
When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?
fungal enzymes
You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following does the group of fungus belong?
Chytrids
Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest: 1. ascospore 2. ascocarp 3. ascomycete 4. ascus
3, 2, 4, 1
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens?
photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae
The "slug-like," migrating amebic aggregate.." that congregates when nutrition is depleted and can become a fruiting body of sexual reproduction is found within which group of organisms?
Cellular slime molds
Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it ______.
dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in population
An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population, killing 98% of the squirrels. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes, on average, then the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground-squirrel population experie…
a genetic bottleneck
In 1986, a nuclear power accident in Chernobyl, USSR led to high radiation levels for miles surrounding the plant. The high levels of radiation caused elevated mutation rates in the surviving organisms, and evolutionary biologists have been studying rodent populations in the area ever sin…
mutations led to increased genetic variation
Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact?
a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism
House finches were found only in western North America until 1939, when a few individuals were released in New York City. These individuals established a breeding population and gradually expanded their range. The western population also expanded its range somewhat eastward, and the two p…
allopatric speciation
If species "A" is 2n=6 and species "B" is 2n=4 were to interbreed and have a sterile hybrid of 5 chromosomes yet later encounter a mitotic or meiotic error whereby the diploid number is then 10 and then that organism becomes viable, this would be an example of:
autopolyploidy
Why are fossils so important in terms of evolutionary and biological study of the planet Earth?
fossils show us the forms of life that have gone extinct, but were clearly resident of Earth at one point fossils can be dated and thus the age of the organism can be determined from the fossil
Which of these observations give the most support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells?
the similarity in size between the cytosolic ribosomes of prokaryotes and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts
Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments supported the hypothesis that _______.
organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth
During the oxygen revolution that took place, many prokaryotic species became extinct because these organisms lacked the enzyme(s):
superoxide dismutase and catalase
_____ gene families such as Hox and MADS-Hox determine basic anatomical features such as where wings and legs will develop.
Homeotic
Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. THe existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of _______.
convergent evolution
Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last? A) colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses B) extensive growth of gymnosperm forests C) carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes D) rise and diversification of angiosperms
rise and diversification of angiosperms
Certain members of the _____ clade have a pellicle and an "eyespot."
excavata
In addition of seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed producing plants?
pollen
A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts _______.
have three or four membranes
Which of the following is NOT functionally important in cells of the gametophyte of both angiosperms and gymnosperms? A) mitochondria B) chloroplasts C) cell walls D) haploid nuclei
chloroplasts
Some fungi have ____ - specialized hyphae that allowed them to penetrate the tissues of their host.
haustoria
The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represent by which of the following structures in animal cells and plant cells, respectively?
gap junctions - plasmodesmata
Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus. 1. basidiocarp 2. basidium 3. basidiospore 4. mycelium 5. gill
4, 1, 5, 2, 3
According to the fossil record, plant colonized terrestrial habitats ______.
in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil
In charophytes, a layer of durable polymer called _____ prevents exposed zygotes from drying out.
sporopollenin
Which of the following has the LEAST affiliation with all the others? 1. Glomeromycota 2. Lichens 3. Arbuscles 4. Mycorrhizae
Lichens
A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here?
cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae
Secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga probably led to the later evolution of ______.
stramenopiles
According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food?
the engulfed cell provided the host cell with ATP
In terms of the interaction between pharmacology and pathogenicity, a drug company would want to:
find a cellular structure the pathogen has that the host does not have
All of the following are evolutionary advantages to a plant having seeds except: A) Seeds can remain dormant for years. B) Seeds may be transported by animals. C) Seeds have a supply of stored food and protect the embryo. D) Seeds can be pollinated and fertilized. E) All of the above…
Seeds can be pollinated and fertilized
What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?
waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves
The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to ____.
an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
All protists are _____.
eukaryotic
If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes, then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include 1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes. 2. chlorophylls a and b. 3. alternation of generations. 4. cell walls of cellulose. 5. ability to s…
1 and 5
Which of the following is/are unique to animals? A) heterotrophy B) the structural carbohydrate chitin C) flagellated gametes D) nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement E) B and D
nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement
An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also _____.
is bilaterally symmetrical
The main benefits of an animal with coelom is/are _____. A) compartmentalization B) separation of organ systems C) connective tissues to keep organ systems in place D) All of the above.
All of the above
All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is a vertebrate but not a gnathostome?
a member of petromyzontida
The amniotic egg allows for ________. A) prevention of dessication B) gas exchange C) nutrient storage D) All of the above
all of the above
Which of the following has been found on the outside of the US space shuttle/station?
Tardigrades ("water bears")
Which of the following is not a eumetazoan? A) Poriferan B) Cnidarian C) Lophotrochozoan D) Ecdysozoan
poriferan
If a tunicate's pharyngeal gill slits were suddenly blocked, the animal would have trouble _____. A. respiring and feeding B. respiring C. moving D. feeding
respiring and feeding
Arrange the following taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. apes 2. hominins 3. Homo 4 anthropoids 5. primates
5, 4, 1, 2, 3
A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells (spiral cleavage). This embryo may potentially develop into a(n) A) e…
earthworm
What would be the best anatomical feature to look for to distinguish a gastropod from a chiton?
number of shell plates
If an egg is fertilized internally, has no placenta, is nourished by the egg yolk, and the egg stays within the female until they are ready to hatch, then the embryological development is _________.
ovoviviparous
Which of the following is a type of asexual reproduction in animals only? A) Budding B) Parthenogenesis C) Fission D) All of the above
Parthenogenesis
Wasps are in the order ______.
hymenoptera
All of the following allowed for the evolution of flight in birds except _________. A) smaller urinary bladder B) large pectoral muscles C) wings with feathers made of keratin D) females with only one ovary
smaller urinary bladder
The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following is most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in…
changes in the homeobox genes governing early development
Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point in their life cycle? A) post-anal tail B) four-chambered heart C) vertebrae D) jaws
post-anal tail
While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. She rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a coelom. These e…
mollusc
I am an animal. I am an echinoderm. I do not look like most echinoderms. I have a reduced endoskeleton, lack spines, and I have 5 rows of tube feet - some of my tube feet have developed into feeding tentacles. I usually reside on the seafloor where I scavenge on debris. I am a member of w…
holothuroidea
The two main groups (unranked sub-clades) of the ecdysozoans are the _____________________. A) nematodes and arthropods B) nematodes and annelids C) annelids and arthropods D) echinoderms and arthropods
nematodes and arthropods
If an insect is referred to as a nymph, it has undergone, or will undergo ________. A) incomplete metamorphosis B) binary fission C) complete metamorphosis D) ecdysis
incomplete metamorphosis or ecdysis
With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree?
humans and apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor
Which of the following organisms would you expect to have the largest surface-area-to-volume ratio? Assume that all of the following are the same total length. A) an arthropod B) a platyhelminth C) a mollusk D) an annelid
a platyhelminth
What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? 1. tetrapods 2. vertebrates 3. deuterostomes 4. amniotes 5. bilaterians
5, 3, 2, 1, 4
All arthropods ______. 1. undergo complete metamorphosis 2. have jointed appendages 3. molt 4. have segmented bodies 5. have an exoskeleton or cuticle
2, 3, 4 and 5
Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit? A) ectothermy B) terrestrial C) amniotic egg D) endothermy
endothermy
What would be the most direct effect of removing or damaging an insect's antennae? The insect would have trouble ________.
smelling
Insect wings are an extension of their _____.
cuticle
Which of the following genes, if any, are involved in the development of the vertebrate brain? A) BF1 gene B) Otx gene C) Hox3 D) All of the above E) None of the above
all of the above
Against which hard structure do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work? A) hydrostatic skeleton B) endoskeleton C) cuticle D) shell
hydrostatic skeleton
All chordates studied to date, except tunicates, share a set of _______. A) 5 Dlx genes B) 7 FOXP2 genes C) 13 Hox genes D) 9 Otx genes
13 Hox genes
nutritional modes for: 1. plants 2. fungi 3. animals
1. plants are autotropic eukaryotes capable of generating organic molecules through photosynthesis 2. fungi are heterotrophs that grow on or near their food and that feed by absorption 3. animals ingest their food - either by eating other live organisms or by eating nonliving organic ma…
animals are _____ eukaryotes.
multicellular
what are animal bodies held together by?
structural proteins such as collagen
tissues
groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit
animals lack the structural support of _____.
cell walls
most abundant animal protein
collagen
what is one of the main animal adaptations that differentiate animals from plants and fungi?
the ability to move and conduct nerve impulses
most animals reproduce ______.
sexually, and the diploid stage usually dominates the life cycle
cleavage
a succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between divisions
Embryonic Development Sequence
1. blastulation 2. gastrulation 3. neurulation
what does the neuroplate become in animals?
the CNS (brains and the spinal cord)
larva
a sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult; it eventually undergoes metamorphosis to become a juvenile (resembles an adult, but is not yet sexually mature)
metamorphosis
a development transformation that turns the animal into a juvenile that resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature
homeoboxes
a set of DNA sequences that regulate the expression of other genes influence morphology
what are the ONLY animals that do not have Hox genes?
SPONGES because no true tissues
roles of Hox genes
development of animal embryos controlling the expression of many other genes that influence morphology
purpose of sponge's homebox
genes that influence shape, such as those that regulate the formation of water channels int he body wall
closest living relatives to animals
choanocytes
what marks the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals?
the cambrian explosion
bilaterians
1. bilaterally symmetric form 2. complete digestive tract 3. one-way digestive system cambrian explosion
major components of the Cambrian explosion
new predator-prey relationships A RISE IN OXYGEN!!! the evolution of the Hox gene complex
one major components of the cambrian explosion was the:
increase in oxygen
you can only have ONE ____ in the biosphere at a single time.
apex predator
mammals increasing in size and exploiting vacated ecological niches is an example of _____.
adaptive radiaiton
adaptive radiations and _____ go hand and hand.
increased speciatation
Mesoderm leads to ____ and ____.
muscle and bone
diploblastic
animals have ectoderm and endoderm
triploblastic
animals have ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm layer include ALL bilaterians
coelom!!!!!
a body cavity completely lined with mesodermal tissue
evolutionary benefit of the coelom!!!!!
body cavities lead to compartmentalization of organ systems; connective tissues to keep organ systems in place
what makes identical twins possible?
indeterminate cleavage (deuterostome)
during gastrulation, an embryo's developing digestive tube initally forms as a blind pouch, the _____.
archenteron, which becomes the gut
five important points about the relationships among living animals
1. all animals share a common ancestor 2. sponges are basal animals 3. Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues 4. most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria 5. there are three major clades of bilaterian animals, all of which are invertebrates, animals that lack a backbo…
The bilaterians are divided into three clades:
Deuterostomia Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa
lophophore
Deuterostomia Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa
lophophore
a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding
what genetic process may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion?
gene duplication
an adult animal that possesses bilaterial symmetry is most certainly also _____.
triploblastic
which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships?
increased incidence of hard parts in the fossil record
the cambrian explosion is a prime example of _____.
adaptive radiation
soon after the coelom begins to form, a researcher injects a dye into the coelom of a deuterostome embryo. Initially, the dye should be able to flow directly into the _____.
archenteron
an animal that swims rapidly in search of prey that it captures using visual senses concentrated at its anterior end is likely to be _____.
bilaterally symmetrical and cephalized
at what development stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo?
gastrulation
at which development stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo?
clevage
cephilization is primary associated with ______.
bilateral symmetry
cephalization is most closely associated with ______.
concentration of sensory structures at the anterior end
you are trying to identify an organism. it is an animal, but does not have nerve or muscle tissues. it is neither diploblastic or triploblastic. it is probably a _____.
sponge
the blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during ______.
gastrulation
the blastopore denotes the presence of an endoderm-lined cavity in the developing embryo, a cavity that is know as the _____.
archenteron
the most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having:
true tissues or no tissues
rank from most inclusive to lease inclusive: 1. ecdysozoan 2. protostome 3. eumentazoan 4. triploblastic
3, 4, 2, 1
what is the association with the animal germ layer with the tissues or organs to which it gives rise?
mesoderm: CNS
phylogenetic trees are best understood as being scientific _____.
hypotheses
phylogenetic trees are best described as ____.
hypothetical portrays of evolutionary relationships
kingdom animalia is ______.
monophyletic
what distinction is given more emphasis by the morphological phylogeny than by the molecular one?
protostome and deuterostome
what is a characteristic of all ecdysozoans?
some kind of exoskeleton, or hard outer covering
acoelomates are characterized by:
a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs
Evolutionary benefit of being flat:
increases the surface area
placozoans
most basal group of invertebrates being flat increases their surface area have a hard time classifying them into a phylogeny
how do placozoans reproduce?
asexually by budding
what is the largest range of animal forms?
lophotrocozoans
endostyle
a longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx that produced mucus to gather food particles
sponges are ______ feeders
filter
spongocoel
water is drawn through pores into a central cavity
osculum
water flows out of the sponge
Animal groups that have choanocytes:
planarians cnidarians sponges
Amoebocytes
found in the mesophyll and play roles in digestion and structure
totipotent
an undifferentiated cell that is capable of becoming other types of cells. Ergo, sponges can adapt quickly to environmental pressures
cnidocytes
unique cells that function in defense and capture of prey
protonephridia!!!!
flatworms regulate the osmotic balance
Things that increase surface area:
flattening folding projections branching
cephalization leads to the formation of ______.
cerebral tissue!!
how does a planarian feed?
protrusible pharynx
scolex
contains suckers and hooks for attaching to the host
proglottids
units that contain sex organs and form a ribbon behind the scolex
ectoprocts
sessile colonial animals that superficially resemble plants
main parts of a mollusc
muscular foot visceral mass mantle
radula
mollusc used to scrape algae off of rocks
metanephridium
mollusc osmoregulatory strcuture
chiton
oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates
how do gastropods move?
rippling motion of the foot cilia radula to graze on algae
adductor muscles
draw to halves of the bivalves together
nephrostome
earthworm funnel-like component of metanephridium (pushes wastes into metanephridium)
ecdysis
the cuticle is she or molted
what makes for good research?
genome has been sequenced life span is short cheap
cuticle
an exoskeleton made of layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin ALSO SEEN IN PLANTS
chelicerae
modified first pair of appendages
book lungs
gas exchange carried out by stacked platelike structures contained in an internal chamber
tymphanum
found in insects analagous to the human eardrum
malpighian tubules
metabolic wastes are excreted
insect wings are an extension of the _______.
cuticle
incomplete metamorphosis
the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size
complete metamorphosis
have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar the larval stage looks entirely different from the adult stage
archaeognatha
bristletails
zygentoma
silverfish not winged
coleoptera
beetles complete metamorphosis
Diptera
flies complete metamorphosis
Hymenoptera
bees and wasps complete metamorphosis
lepidoptera
moths and butterflies complete metamorphosis
hemiptera
tree bugs incomplete metamorphosis
orthoptera
grasshoppers and crickets incomplete metamorphosis
deuterostomes are defined primarily by _____.
DNA similarities
Evolutionary benefits of a water vascular system:
structure support allows muscles to be able to move
the members of which clade in the phylum cnidaria occur only as polyps?
anthozoa
what characteristic is shared by both cnidarians and flatworms?
a digestive system with a single opening
***the excretory organ of annelids are: ***
metanephridia
a brachiopod can be distinguished from a bivalve by the presence of:
a lophophore
if a lung were to be found in a mollusc, where would it be located?
the mantle cavity
a terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which clade?
gastropoda
what is a diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators?
cnidaria
Five key characters of chordates:
notochord dorsal, hollow nerve cord pharyngeal slits or clefts muscular, post-anal tail endostyle
examples of nonvertebrate chordates:
lancelets and tunicates
important genes for the development of chordates:
BF1 Otx Hox3
vertebrates have the following derived characters:
vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord an elaborate skull fin rays, in the aquatic form
cyclostomes
hagfish and lampreys
gnathostomes
vertebrates with jaws
what do hagfish use as a defense?
slime
fossils from the Cambrian explosion document the transition to _____.
craniates
where were the first vertebrates?
in the sea
earliest vertebrate in the fossil record
conodonts
evolutionary benefits of the jaw
defense nutrition acquisition sound and communication
structures that detect vibrations within the animal kingdom:
grasshopper - tympanic membrane terrestrial vertebrates - eardrum fish - lateral line system
oviparous
eggs hatch outside the mother's body (most reptiles)
ovoviviparous
the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk (sharks)
viviparous
the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother's blood
operculum
most fish breathe by drawing water over gills protected by an operculum
CLASS TIMELINE
fungi and algae, small plants, large plants and then animals
what are the transition groups for plants and animals?
plants - ferns animals - amphibians
purpose of amniotes
allows for gas exchange, nutrient storage and prevents desiccation
endothermic
maintaining body temperature through metabolism
Snake adaptations to aid in capture and consumption of prey
chemical sensors heat-detecting organs venom loosely articulated jawbones and elastic skin
evolutionary benefits of the four chambered heart
prevents blood mixing allows for a greater regulation of blood pressure
best examples of convergent evolution
flagellum wings venom

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