BIOL 111: EXAM 2
68 Cards in this Set
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annulus
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row of cells with unevenly thickened walls on fern sporangia
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apical meristem
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embryonic tissue regions forming new cells at tips of shoots and roots
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antheridium
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gametangium which produces sperm
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archegonium
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gametangium that produces egg
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calyptra
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haploid remnant of archegonium which forms looses, sometimes fringed, cover over moss sporophyte
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columella
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central sterile tissue in moss capsule
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croszier
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fern leaf that is not yet rolled
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frond
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leaf of a fern
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gametangium
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haploid structure within which gametes are produced
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gamete
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reproductive cell that produces an organism only after fusion with another gamete (egg or sperm)
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gametophyte
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haploid generation of plants; produces gametes
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homosporous
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bearing spores that are all the same size
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megaphylls
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leaves defined by presence of leaf gap; tend to be large
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pinna
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small divisions of fern leaf
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rachis
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main axis of fern leaf
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rhizoid
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hairlike structure that anchors some gametophytes (like moses) to substrate
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rhizome
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enlarged, usually horizontal underground stem
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sporangium
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structure that produces spores
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spore
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a reproductive cell that can produce a new organism without fusing with another cell
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sporophyte
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diploid generation of plants; ;produces spores
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sterile layer
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outer layer of cells of gametangium ; does not give rise to gamestes
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thallus
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plant body that is not differentiated into roots, stems, leaves, etc.
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zygote
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diploid cell produced when egg is fertilized
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asexual reproduction
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reproduction in which one cell makes an exact copy of itself
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mitosis
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a single cell divides resulting in two identical cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes
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sexual production
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two organism produce gametes that participate in fertilization
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fertilization
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fusing of one gamete from each parent to produce the next generation
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meiosis
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in sexually reproducing organisms, two consecutive nuclear divisions occur, leading to the production of four haploid gametes (sex cells), each containing one of every pair of homologous chromosomes
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germ cells
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undergo meiosis, found in our gonands
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diploid
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cells that contain two sets of chromosomes
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haploid
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cells which number of chromosomes has been reduced by one half and contain only one set of chromosomes
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interphase
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consists of G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase (Chromosomes begin to condense)
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G1 phase
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growth (1)
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S phase
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DNA synthesis
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G2 Phase
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Growth (2)
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Karyokinesis
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segregation of the chromosomes
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Cytokinesis
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division of cytoplasm and the formation of the new daughter cells
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locus
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a position on a chromosome where a gene resides
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centromere
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clear plastic piece in each chromosome
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sister chromatid
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each strand of the duplicated chromosome
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homologous pairs
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a chromosome pairs with another chromosome during meiosis. This (synapsis) happens between two chromosomes that are homologous, i.e. chromosomes having the same genes at the same loci but possibly different alleles
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prophase
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chromosomes consense in the nucleus, and chromatids become visible.
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metaphase
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spindle fibers tug and arrange chromosomes along the middle (equator) .
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Anaphase
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sister chromatids separate from each other at the centromere
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Telophase
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spindle apparatus disappears, and the two nuclei reform. chromosomes unwind and reform chromatin
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independent assortment
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The process of random segregation and assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis resulting in the production of genetically unique gametes.
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Red Algae
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Supergroup: Archaeplastida
- only chlorophyll a, lack flagella, two layered cell walls, deposit calcium carbonate into their cell walls
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Green Algae
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Supergroup: Archaeplastida
- chlorophyll a and b, makes the most O2, gave rise to an extensive evolutionary line of land plants, one large chloroplast per cell
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chlamydomonas
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Group: Chlorophytes
- has two whiplash flagella, large cup shaped chloroplast
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volvox
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Group: Chlorophytes
-cells divided several times in two planes, and that the daughter cells stayed together and formed a hollow ball
- large, spherical, hollow colony
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Ulva
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Group: Chlorophytes
- chlamydomonas-like cell lost its flagella and started dividing in one plane without separation. reuse would be sing row of cells, or filament
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cladophora
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chlamydomonas-like cell lost its flagella and its nucleus divided without the cytoplasm dividing (Coencyte)
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Stoneworts
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Group: Charophyceans
- similar to ancestors of the first land plnts because of: rosette cellulose, peroxisomes, phragmoplast, sterile layer
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Spirogyra
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Group: Charophyceans
- spiral-shaped chloroplast; there may be one to a few chloroplast per cell
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Chara
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Group: charophyceans
- gametes are produced in gametangia; sterile layer of cells,
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archegonia
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gametangia that produce eggs
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antheridium
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gametangia that produce sperm
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Alteration of Generations
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alternate between haploid and diploid organisms
(haploid/ Gametophyte), (diploid, sporophyte)
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Land plant trend
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The evolutionary trend in land plants in toward increasing dominance of the diploid sporophyte generation
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microspores
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small spores, born in microsporangia on microsporophylls, when they gernimate they produce microgametophytes with antheridia
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megaspore
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large spores, often four per megasporangium are borne in megasporangia on megaphylls. produce megagametophytes with archegonia only.
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fasicles
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pine cones occur in a cluster of these
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epidermis
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outer layer of leaf cells
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cuticle
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waxy substances covering over the outer surfaces of the epidermis of plants
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stomata
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small openings in the epidermis
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endodermis
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mesophyll is separated from inner vascular tissue by a single ring of cells
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strobili
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clusters of cones
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megasporangiate
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BIOL 111: EXAM 2