SOCI 1101: Final Exam
102 Cards in this Set
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Social evolution in stratification
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Wealth inequality grew, peaked in agrarian, declined, and now in the US is going up
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Social evolution in morphology
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Social closeness has decreased with insiders and increased with outsiders
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Social evolution in culture
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Local culture has declined and an individualized global culture has increased
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Social evolution in social control
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Severity of punishment went up- peaked in agrarian, went down, and now in us is increasing with incarceration
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Social evolution in organization
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The organizational power of humans has greatly increased
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Social behavior (Social problems)
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in industrial societies, inequality is associated with a lot of social problems
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Social behavior (Attention)
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Social superiority attracts favorable attention
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Social behavior (Social control)
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Social inferiority attracts punishment and exclusion
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Social behavior (communication)
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Intimacy breeds insider codes of expression
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Social behavior (Consensus)
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Social closeness breeds similarity of thought
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Testable theory of social behavior
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Pure sociology
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This man created Prue Sociology
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Donald Black
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Social structure
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location and direction of behavior in social space
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The 5 dimensions of social space
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Stratification, Morphology, Organization, Culture, and Social Control
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Pure sociology
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This theory explains social behavior by examining CASE STRUCTURE
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Case Structure
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Is the case... Close/distant? vertical/lateral? upward/downward?
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Organizational Space principle:
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Sanction severity declines with the organizational superiority of the killer (Police -> citizen is less severe than citizen to president)
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When are sanctions (according to pure sociology) more likely to be severe? (in 4 dimensions)
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1-Stratification-victim is wealthy
2-Morphology- is the officer has little support in dept.
3- Culture- Victim is white
4- Social Control- if the officer has a prior killing on record
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Other Theories' look for the cause of violence in:
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the characteristics of individuals or societies
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Why is the way other theories seek to understand violence wrong?
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Because social and psychological characteristics are imprecise indicators
(violence and poor example)1- only some poor are violent
2-when they are violent, it's rare
3- non poor can also be violent
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Black's proposition on how to look at violence:
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Weapon lethality increases with social distance (relational and cultural)
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Pure Sociology explains behavior without invoking: (3 "P"s)
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1-Psychology 2-Purposes 3-People
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Pure sociology and attractiveness
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attractiveness increases with social closeness (we most like those like ourselves)
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Strengths of Pure sociology
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-General
-Testable
-Valid
-Simple
-Original
(meets all 5 criteria)
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Pure Sociology's weaknesses:
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Leaves out psychology and therefore it's incomplete
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What theories are on an individual or social level?
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Motivationalism and RCT =individualistic CT and Pure sociology= social
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Example of conflict Theory
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Bank bail out in2008
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Conflict Theory
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Explains social behavior and arrangements with the struggle between groups pursuing their collective interests
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Conflict Theory is a macro version of____
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RCT
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How does CT view conflict?
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as rooted in competition for scare resources ($$, power, prestige)
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The question that CT asks:
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WHO BENEFITS?
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Types of groups that can be in conflict
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Social classes, genders, ethnicities
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Why does CT have a cynical "sociological eye?"
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because CT theorists say that social institutions serve the interests of powerful groups
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Classic example of CT:
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MARXISMMM (the social class struggle)
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according to Marxism, these two groups are always in conflict
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1. Bourgeoisie
2. Proletariat
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What did Marx expect to happen to the 2 social classes?
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the conflict to intensify and cause a revolution and produce a new classes society (AKA socialism)
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What 3 points was Marx wrong about?
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1. the proletariats didn't deteriorate
2. Stock provided ways for the classes to converge -no longer just two classes
3. Socialism came about in the least capitalistic societies and not the most
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Virtues of Marxism
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Social class is a powerful explanatory variable
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How does CT play a role in the criminal Justice system?
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States that the powerful punish the poor and powerless
-leniency to the rich and powerful
- focusing on the individual and not the inequality (creating career criminals)
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How does CT interpret challenges to authority?
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Very strictly (9/11 counter attacks)
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Brown miller's main point
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she sees rape and the fear of rape as a means by which men dominate women
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Male dominance is higher in societies that are more _____
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violent
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What did Brownmiller look into?
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Why we have rape today and what are it'sconsequences
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___ used to not be seen as a crime
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rape
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Brwonmiller says the goal of rape is to:
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subordinate women
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2 ways to view rape:
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as power, as sex
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Problems with CT:
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not testable (how can you measure motives), over emphasis on stratification
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Strengths of CT
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General
Simple
much Validity
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RCT
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weighing the costs and benefits
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According to RCT, people choose the option with the greatest:
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NET benefit
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RCT assumes all people have the same ____ ______
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Core motivation
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Bachman's reading
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The rape experiment
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Deterrence theory
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Crime declines as the cost of crime increases (punishment,formal or informal)
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What's more important in punishment, Severity or certainty?
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CERtainty
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What is an example of RCT?
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strict religions
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2 trends in Sexual assault
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overall declining and college females had lower rates of sexual assault than non college females
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What did Bachman's reading focus on?
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The cost of college rape for theoffender
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IN Bachman's experiment what were men asked to rate the likelihood of:
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1- the victim would report it
2-the offender would suffer punishment
3-the subject would do what the offender did
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Findings from he Bachman experiment
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majority said they wouldn't do what the rapist did if they believed that the rapist would be FORMALLY punished or that rape was morally wrong
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What wasn't important to boatman's study?
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the informal punishment (guilt, shame, family's views)
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Limitations of Bachman's study:
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Small sample (94 men and 1 university)
Reality differs from people's thoughts of what they'd do
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Problem in connection RCT to BAchman's experiment
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Looked at the costs of the rapist, but not the benefits (still includes the logic of RCT)
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Strengths of RCT
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General
Simple
Supported by evidence
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Weaknesses of RCT:
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Unrealistic and untesable
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Scientific qualities (5)
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Testable
General
Simple
Origional
Valid
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Motivationalismand example
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assumes behavior begins in the mind and the mind is shaped by the environment or social factors ----ex. Calvinism(social force)->worldly success(motivation)-> Capitalism (Behavior)
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Microlevel example of Motivationalism
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Merton's theory of crime (Culture of success for everyone{environment}-> frustration at lack of success{motivation}-> lower class crime{behavior})
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What's nesbitt and Cohen's theory about?
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Why the south is more violent
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where do cultures of honor arise? why?
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Frontier and herding economies because livestock is available to steal and no law in wild places)
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what does Nesbitt and Cohen show?
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The south is more approving of violence, and has higher rates of "moralistic" violence (esp rural whites)
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What experiment was portrayed in Nesbitt and cohen?
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The asshole experiment
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What was different biologically in southerners that wasn't inNortherners?
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higher levels of cortical and testosterone
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Example of motivationalism in Honor culture
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Frontier herding 9society)-> honor culture (motivation)-> violent behavior (behavior)
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Strengths of motivational theory
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supported by good evidence
general
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Weaknesses of Motivationalism
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Explains why, but nothing else- not testable
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_____ varies across time and space
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Deviance
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Most sociologists argue that:devience and just behavior labeled as
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deviant
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Social control is:
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responding to something as right or wrong
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Sticky labels
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Criminal, mental illness, informal labels- slut and sissy
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people use informal labels fordevient behavior as a form of ______
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social control
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When are social labels most damaging?
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when social tiesare close and hierarchies are unstable (like prisons or schools)
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Deviant labels can be _____ and be positive
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turned around
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MOST VIOLENCE IS COMMITTED FORN
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RETALIATION (JACOBS AND WRIGHT)
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Moralistic violence
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who's the real victim
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Honor violence is a forma of _____ violence
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moralistic
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Honor and _______ are tightly intertwined
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masculinity
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____ are the majority killers
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men 65%= men on men killing(with a downward scale)
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Honor characteristics:
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1. fight>to back down
2. honor leads to more violence
3. violence from trivial issues
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Jacobs and wright reading
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interviews with street criminals
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Why retaliation?
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brings respect and to deter future violations (but can trigger counter retaliations)
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Honor violence (and all violence ) is on the ______
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decline
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Why is violence declining?
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because of less honor culture; individualism, decline of intimacy in communities, commerce, stronger states
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Spousal homicide has declined ~__% in last 40 yrs
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50
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sexual violence has declined ___% since 1995
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58%
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Paradox by COONEY and BURT
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As deviance goes down, social control goes up
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Crime attracts _____
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social control
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Across history there was a rise in punishment, agrarian and now a ____
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decline
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Punishment entered in which society?
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Agricultural
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Punishment since agrarian has _____
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decreased
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The incarceration rate is 4.5 higher now than in ____
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1975
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difference in jailand prison
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jail=short term before trial and prison= fullterm
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Probation and paroll #'s have ____
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increased
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Final Study Guide