Final Exam Review: Biology 112
82 Cards in this Set
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Catastrophism,meaning the regular occurance of geological or meteorological disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of
A. evolution
B. the fossil record
C. uniformitarianism
D. the origin of new species
E. natural selection
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B. the fossil record
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Which of the events described below agrees with the idea of catastrophism?
A. the gradual uplift of the Himalayas by the collision of the Australian crustal plate with Eurasian crustal plate
B. The formation of the Grand Canyon by the Colorado River over millions of years
C. The gradua…
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D. The sudden demise of the dinosaurs, and various other groups, by the impact of a large extraterrestrial body with Earth
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What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?
A. Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.
B. Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations gradually change
C. Earth is millions of years old, and populations rapidly change
D. Earth…
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A. Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging
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Which groups is composed entirely of individuals who maintained that species are fixed (unchanging)
A. Aristotle, Cuvier, and Lamarck
B. Linnaeus, Cuvier, and Lamarck
C. Lyell, Linnaeus, and Lamarck
D. Aristotle, Linnaeus, and Cuvier
E. Hutton, Lyell, and Darwin
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D. Aristotle, Linnaeus, and Cuvier
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During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher levels; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconceptions?
A. C…
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A. Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes
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In the mid-1900's, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko believed that his winter wheat plants, exposed to ever-colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to ever more cold-tolerant winter wheat. Lysenko's attempts in this regard were most in agreement with the ideas of
A. Cuvier
B. Hutton…
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C. Lamarck
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Who would have proposed that the boundaries between each stratum mark the occurance of different localized floods?
A. Lyell
B. Cuvier
C. Hutton
D. Darwin
E. Lamarck
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B. Cuvier
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Which pair would have been likely to agree that strata such as those depicted here were deposited gradually over long periods of time by subtle mechanisms that are still at work?
A. Cuvier and Aristotle
B. Cuvier and Lamarck
C. Lyell and Linnaeus
D. Aristotle and Hutton
E. Hutton and…
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E. Hutton and Lyell
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Darwin's mechanism of natural selection required long time spans in order to modify species. From whom did Darwin get the concept of Earth's ancient age?
A. Georges Cuvier
B. Charles Lyell
C. Alfred Wallace
D. Thomas Malthus
E. John Henslow
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B. Charles Lyell
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Who developed a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin?
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Wallace
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Charles Darwin was the first person to propose
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a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence
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In Darwin's thinking, the more closely related two different organisms are, the
A. more similar their habitats are
B. less similar their DNA sequences are
C. more recently they shared a common ancestor
D. less likely they are to have the same genes in common
E. more similar they are …
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C. more recently they shared a common ancestor
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Which of these conditions should completely prevent the occurrence of natural selection in population over time?
A. All variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors
B. The environment is changing at a relatively slow rate
C. The population size is large
D. The po…
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A. All variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors
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Natural selection is based on all of the following except
A. Genetic variation exists within populations
B. The best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring
C, Individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young
D. Populations tend to prod…
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E. Individuals adapt to their environments and thereby, evolve
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Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?
A. All species are fixed in the form in which they are created
B. Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows
C. Earth changed over the years thro…
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B. Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows
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A marine sea star was mistakenly placed in freshwater and it died. What is the most likely explanation for its death?
A. The sea star was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to new conditions
B. The sea star is hyperosmotic to the freshwater, and it could not osmoregulate
C. The…
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B. The sea star is hyperosmotic to the freshwater, and it could not osmoregulate
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Which feature of osmoregulation is found in both marine and freshwater bony fish?
A. loss of water through the gills
B. gain of salt through the gills
C. loss of water in the urine
D. no drinking of water
E. gain of water through food
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E. gain of water through food
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Which feature of osmoregulation is found in both marine and freshwater bony fish?
A. loss of water through the gills
B. gain of salt through the gills
C. loss of water in the urine
D. no drinking of water
E. gain of water through food
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E. gain of water through food
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Where and from what compound(s) is urea produced?
A. Liver from NH3 and CO2
B. Liver from glycogen
C. Kidneys from glucose
D. Kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids
E. Bladder from uric acid and H2O
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A. Liver and NH3 and CO2
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Which of the following is true of urea? It is
A. Insoluble in water
B. More toxic to human cells than ammonia
C. The primary nitrogenous waste product of humans
D. The primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds
E The primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates
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C. The primary nitrogenous waste product of humans
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Which of the following is true of ammonia?
A. It is soluble in water
B. It can be stored as a precipitate
C. It has low toxicity relative to urea
D. It is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea
E. It is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects
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A. It is soluble in water
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The advantage of excreting wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that
A. Urea can be exchanged for Na+
B. Urea is less toxic than ammonia
C. Urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia
D. Urea does not affect the osmolar gradient
E. Less nitrogen is removed from the body
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B. Urea is less toxic than ammonia
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Which of the following nitrogenous wastes requires hardly any water for its excretion?
A. Amino Acid
B. Urea
C. Uric Acid
D. Ammonia
E. Nitrogen Gas
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C. Uric Acid
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Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid
A. is readily soluble in water
B. is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products
C. requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal which is conducive to the function of flight in ter…
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C. requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal which is conducive to the function of flight in terms of weight
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The most concentrated urine is excreted by
A. frogs
B. kangaroo rats
C. humans
D. desert tortoises
E. birds
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B. kangaroo rats
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Which group possess excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules?
A. earthworms
B. flatworms
C. insects
D. jellyfish
E. sea stars
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C. insects
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Which of the following mechanisms for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal is correctly paired with its corresponding animal?
A. metanephridium-flatworm
B. Malpighian tubule-frog
C. kidney-insect
D. flame bulb-snake
E. direct cellular exchange-marine invertebrate
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E. direct cellular exchange-marine invertebrate
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The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule
A. results from active transport
B. transfers large molecules as easily as small ones
C. is very selective as to which subprotein sized molecules are transferred
D. is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillari…
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D. is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus
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What substance is secreted by the proximal-tubule cells and prevents the pH of urine from becoming too acidic?
A. bicarbonate
B. salt
C. glucose
D. ammonia
E. NaOH
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D. ammonia
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As body size increases in animals, there is
A. a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio
B. no further reproduction in aqueous environments
C. the tendency for larger bodies to be more variable in metabolic rate
D. an increase in migration to tropical areas
E. a greater challenge to …
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A. a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio
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An exchange surface is in direct contact with the external environment in the
A. lungs
B. skeletal muscles
C. liver
D. heart
E. brain
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A. lungs
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The epithelium type with the shortest diffusion distance is
A. simple squamous epithelium
B. simple cuboidal epithelium
C. simple columnar epithelium
D. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
E. stratified squamous epithelium
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A. simple squamous epithelium
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The lining of the smallest tubules in the kidneys is composed of
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epithelial tissue
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Connective tissues have
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relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix
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The fibers responsible for the elastic resistance properties of tendons are
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collagenous fibers
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If you gently twist your ear lobe it does not remain distorted because it contains
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Elastin Fibers
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Fibroblasts secrete
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proteins for connective fibers
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Blood is best classified as a connective tissue because
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its cells can be separated from each other by an extracellular matrix
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Muscles are joined to bones by
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tendons
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With its abundance of collagenous fibers, cartilage is an example of
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connective tissue
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Bones are held together at joints by
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Ligaments
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A simple nervous system
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has information flow both toward and away from an integrating center
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In certain large animals, this type of neuron can extend beyond one meter in length
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a sensory neuron
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A nervous system can alter activities in its target cells in muscles and glands because
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the target cells have receptor proteins for the signals released by the nervous system
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For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in
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hyperpolarization of the neuron
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Though the membrane of a "resting" neuron is highly permeable to potassium ions, its membrane potential does not exactly match the equilibrium potential for potassium because the neuonal membrane is
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slightly permeable to sodium ions
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The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves
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sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell
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The "selectivity" of a particular ion channel refers to its
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permitting passage only to a specific ion
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The "threshold" potential of a membrane
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is the minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium channels
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A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be to
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prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential
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After the depolarization phase of an action potential, the resting potential is restored by
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the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium activation gates
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Action potentials are normally carried in only one direction: from the axon hillock toward the axon terminals. If you experimentally depolarize the middle of the axon to threshold, using an electronic probe, then
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two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going back toward the hillock
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The surface on a neuron that discharges synaptic vesicles is the
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presynaptic membrane
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Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals via
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exocytosis
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Neural transmission across a mammalian synaptic gap is accomplished by
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the movement of calcium ions from the presynaptic into the postsynaptic neuron
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The observation that the acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle binds to a sodium channel and opens it is an example of
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a ligand-gated sodium channel
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An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) occurs in a membrane made more permeable to
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potassium ions
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The steps below refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse:
1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane
2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm
3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the axon terminal
4. The li…
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3, 2, 5, 1, 4
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The activity of acetylcholine in a synapse is terminated by
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its degradation by a hydrolytic enzyme on the postsynaptic membrane
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Assume that excessive consumption of ethanol increases the influx of negative chloride ions into "common sense" neurons whose action potentials are needed for you to act appropriately and not harm yourself or others. Thus, any resulting poor decisions associated with ethanol ingestion are…
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decreased membrane depolarization of "common sense" neurons
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Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory would be expected to
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hyperpolarize the membrane
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When several EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock from different dendritic locations, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell to threshold for an action potential, this is an example of
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spatial summation
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Temporal summation always involves
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myelinated axons
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Which of the following is associated with the evolution of a central nervous system?
A. a complete gut
B. bilateral symmetry
C. radial symmetry
D. a closed circulatory system
E. excitable membranes
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Bilateral Symmetry
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The blood- brain barrier
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is formed by tight junctions
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What controls the heart rate
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medulla
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Which area of the brain is most intimately associated with the unconscious control of respiration and circulation?
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medulla
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Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to
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be unaffected
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What congenital heart defect does not produce a "blue baby"? (cyanosis)
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patent ductus arteriosus
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A heart muscle cell is removed from a living vertebrate heart and placed in an appropriate nutrient medium. What behavior in terms of contractions would you expect to see in this cell?
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continued contractions without any outside stimulation
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A decrease in blood plasma pH from 7.4 to 7.2 would cause
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a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules
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In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the metabolism of
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proteins and nucleic acids
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Which of the following structures develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?
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systole of the left ventricle
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Breathing (Ventilation) is accomplished by the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of
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skeletal muscle
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The kind of tissue that consists mostly of extracellular material and a small proportion of cells is
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connective tissue
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The absorptive epithelial cells in the small intestine are considered "polarized" because
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the structures on their apical surfaces are different than those on their basal surfaces
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To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in the circulatory system of a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross
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five membranes; in and out of the alveolar cell, in and out of the endothelial cell, and into the red blood cell to bind with hemoglobin
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The exhalation of air from human lungs is driver by
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a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity
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The lymphatic fluid
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is filtered from the blood by hydrostatic pressure
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Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned originally as
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filter-feeding devices
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The latest common ancestor of all animals was probably a
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flagellated protist
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Which former eukaryotic kingdom is known to be polyphyletic, and therefore unacceptable in modern systematics
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Protista
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