ARCH 350: EXAM 2
64 Cards in this Set
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Involved in the Americanization of modern architecture
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The International Style Exhibition (1932)
Frank Lloyd Wright
Richard Neutra (Austrian)
Rudolf Schindler (Austrian)
Case Study House Program
---> Charles & Ray Eames
---> Pierre Koenig
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International Style Exhibition (MoMA, 1932)Q
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Organized by Phillip Johnson & Henry R. Hitchcock. Formalization of contemporary style into clear & simple terms
FLW was left out bc his stylistic characteristics did not conform to International Style
Smooth, white stucco surfaces
Absence of decoration
Clarity of struct…
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Prairie style
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FLW. Characterized by long, horizontal eaves & cantilevers, expressive of the vast prairie landscape (ie., Midwestern). Interiors also expressed horizontal overlapping of spaces that extended outward toward the landscape.
FLW influenced by Louis Sullivan, esp. the idea of an American a…
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Guaranty Building
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Sullivan & Adler, 1896
Precedent of the skyscraper, able to be built bc of the Otis elevator.
Discovery of a new typology and Sullivan & Adler had to figure out the shape and form of it.
Elaborate cornice. FORM REFLECTS FUNCTION (office spaces).
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Hollyhock House
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FLW, Los Angeles, 1919-21.
Built for oil heiress Aline Barnsdall, FLW's first project in LA.
The hollyhock is abstracted & geometricized in the house's design, including exterior walls and interior furniture.
Master plan for a theater community.
FLW's son Lloyd worke…
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Rudolf Schindler
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Austrian.
Claimed that closest American style were the adobe pueblos of the southwest
Came to America because of FLW (along w/ Richard Neutra)
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Residence of Schindler & Chase
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Rudolf Schindler, West Hollywood, 1922
Pinwheel geometry (see plan of the Bauhaus).
Continuous screens on the inside
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Lovell Beach House, 1926
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Rudolf Schindler, Newport Beach, 1926
Client was a holistic doctor
Rooms almost seamlessly open up w/ the outside when all doors are open
No clear distinction between interior & exterior
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Lovell House, Los Angeles, 1927-29
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Richard Neutra, Los Angeles, 1927-29
Cantilevering of the concrete floors
Created friction btwn Neutra & Schindler because Schindler thought Neutra was stealing his client away from him
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Americanization of modern style
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Targeted the American housewife--the one buying the furniture and choosing the house.
Moving away from distasteful stereotypes of modern architecture that would not be receptive to a modern audience
Minimalist character and style did not appeal to Americans
Emphasis on …
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Case Study House Program, 1945
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Organized by John Entenza, editor of Arts & Architecture
Launch a program that would feature & advertise modern architecture in America
Inexpensive and efficient model homes for the US residential boom
Emphasis on prefabrication
Included Richard Neutra, Raphael Sor…
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Charles Eames
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Husband of Ray Eames, artist
On editorial board at Arts & Architecture to which Ray contributed significantly
Student of Elial Saarinen, architect.
Taught industrial design
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Organic chair
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Eames & Saarinen, 1940
Entered in the "Organic Design in Home Furnishings" Competition
Molded plywood & upholstery
New technique of wood molding w/ plywood, originally developed by Alvar Aalto. New synthetic glue
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Case Study House #8
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Charles & Ray Eames, Pacific Palisades, 1945-49
Consists of 2 similar cubes orig. designed by Charles & Eero Saarinen (as Bridge House) and later amended by Charles & Ray.
"kit of parts"
They liked it so much that they instead decided to use it as their studio
All fu…
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Case Study #22, Stahl House
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Pierre Koenig, 1960
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Case Study #21, Bailey House
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Pierre Koenig, 1956-58
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...
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George Howe & William Lescaze
PSFS Building, Philadelphia, 1932
Considered to be the first modern skyscraper to be built
Howe's training from the Beaux-Arts (Neo-classical styles)
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Two Glass Skyscrapers, 1921 (L) & 1922 (R)
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Mie van der Rohe
Hypothetical towers completely enrobed in glass
For German Expressionists, glass was symbolic of the future & the new society
"I discovered by working with actual glass models that the important thing is the play of reflections and not the effect of light…
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Brick Country House Project, 1923
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Mies van der Rohe
Introduces sense of freedom and movement
Influenced by Der Stijl & Frank Lloyd Wright
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Weissenhof Siedlung, Stuttgart, Germany, 1927
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Mies van der Rohe
All walls made of plywood and were movable
Only constrained by placement of windows, which were long and narrow (and plumbing--sinks etc.)
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Farnsworth House, Plano IL, 1951
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Mies van der Rohe
Weekend house
Asymmetry in the plan. Historians think of his work going from symmetrical to asymmetrical
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S.R. Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology
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Mies van der Rohe
(IIT), Chicago, 1956
Reminds you of Schinkel
Based on the idea that the shared space leads to a shared body (it's an architectural studio)
Addresses the corner with an I-beam. They don't meet the corner so this is purely DECORATIVE.
Reentrant corner
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Lakeshore Drive Apartments
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Mies van der Rohe
Chicago, IL, 1948-1951
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Seagram Building
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Mies van der Rohe & Philip Johnson
New York City, 1954-58
Famous for use of iron as a decorative element
One of the first skyscrapers
Provided a public plaza (oh that 212 video tho)
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New National Gallery
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Mies van der Rohe
Berlin, Germany, 1968
Built at the end of his life
Recognized by the massive roof and the glass envelope beneath it
Upper level is completely free (plan)
Built at the height of the Cold War
The one that curators hate because it's difficult to …
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Baukunst
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The art of building
("building" --bau, "kunst"--art)
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CIAM (International Congress of Modern Architecture)
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Founded in 1923 by Le Corbusier & Sigfried Giedion (historian & theorist) to promote modern archi. internationally
Gerrit Rietveld, El Lissitzky, Moisei Ginzburg, Walter Gropius, & Hannes Meyer
First CIAM meetings organized around themes of rational building techniques, mass…
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Parliament Building, Chandigarh, India
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Le Corbusier, 1951
Generous provision of a deep loggia, taken from the Mogul (Muslim) tradition
Romantic roofscapes
Symbolic treatment of water
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Secretariat Building
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Le Corbusier, 1953
https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=gnlqZ18LIHs
(Indian dubstep!)
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Casa Sarabhai
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Le Corbusier
Ahmedabad, India, 1951-‐55
Antithetical to pre-war Corb
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Master plan of Chandigarh
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Based on Corb's urban planning principles laid out in the ATHEN'S CHARTER of 1933
City was analyzed in terms of 4 functions: residential, business & industry, leisure, and transport. Post-war, fifth function of admin. & civic center was added.
Design of civic center addresse…
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High Court Building, Chandigarh
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Le Corbusier, (1951-1955)
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Master plan of Brasilia
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Lucio Costa, 1956
Conception of President Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira
Symbolizes gov'ts commitment to national industry
Secretariat on the main axis
The curved portion is the SUPERQUANDRA apartment blocks
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superquandra
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Major portion of the Brasilia master plan by Lucio Costa, 1956
apartment blocks filled w/ 3 or 6-storey buildings, each w/ 11 buildings identified by letter w/ schools & churches inbetween them
Commercial streets separate Superquandra blocks as well as green space, making it…
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National Congress, Brasília, Brazil, 1958
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Oscar Neimeyer
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National Cathedral, Brasília 1971
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Oscar Neimeyer
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Roberto Burle Marx
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Landscape architect for Brasilia master plan
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Säynätsalo Town Hall, Jyväskylä, Finland, 1949-1952
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Alvar Aalto
Hill as artificially made
Main hall expressed tower elements & roofs are angled but not pitched (attention to climate)
Two facades, lower level and interior space. Use of traditional materials.
Finland known for shipbuilding and esp. interior shows this r…
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Team 10 (X)
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The end of CIAM
Last CIAM meeting 1959
Main criticism of the ville radieuse bc it separates everyday life from where you live
Alison & Peter Smithson, Aldo van Eyck, Shadrach Woods, Georges Candilis, Jacob Bakema, John Voelchker, Sandy van Ginkel
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Study for Moroccan housing
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Georges Candilis and Shadrach Woods, 1952-53
Studied organization of informal housing
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Playground Zahnhof, Amsterdam 1948
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Aldo van Eyck
Still inspired by the avant-garde
Made 736 similar playgrounds throughout Amsterdam
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Amsterdam Municipal Orphanage, 1955-1960
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Aldo van Eyck
Series of courtyards and no front door but several spaces which you can enter
Classrooms open up into outdoor areas
Configurations repeat
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Plan for Tokyo Bay, 1960
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Kenzo Tange
One of the founders of the Metabolists
Large framework that meets the boxes
Road system connects in the arms and along the arms are housing units
REFERENCE: cell of an organism. Imagery is evocative of arteries and veins.
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Floating City, 1959
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Kiyonori Kikutake (metabolists)
Tubes w/ round top
Housing units w/ plug-in capsules that would float in the ocean
References biology and the idea of the nucleus
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Helix City, 1961
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Kisho Kurokawa (metabolists)
Machine paradigm is obsolete, look to biology for inspiration
In biology there are no PARTS it's all WHOLE
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Spatial City, 1959
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Yona Friedman
Should be view from the top, like a plan
Large framework of steel w/ cubicle elements that are basically housing units
Imagining that one could build a layer of megastructures over the current layout of a city
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Habitat '67, Montreal, Canada
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Moshe Safdie
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"A home is not a house" by Reyner Banham, 1965
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Proposed that we live in environmental bubbles
heart is replaced by a "standard of living package"
Part that comprises the shell is a plastic bubble
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Plug-in City, 1964
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Peter Cook, Archigram
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Walking City, 1965
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Warren Chalk, Archigram
In the background is Manhattan
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Computer City, 1964
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Dennis Crompton (Archigram)
Entirely speculative
Idea of a plug-in desirable to address parts of a city that needed to be adaptive and less-permanent
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Suitaloon, 1966
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Michael Webb
no more megastructures--portable environments
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Cushicle, 1966
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Michael Webb
no more megastructures--portable environments
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Valley City, 1963
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Hans Hollein
Also part of an Archigram-esque group but Austrian
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Transformations, 1963
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Hans Hollein
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Pneumacosm, 1967
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Haus Rücker Co.
Plug-in buildings as installations on existing buildings
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Oasis No. 7, 1971 & Balloon for Two, Vienna, 1972
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Hans Ruckher Co.
Moving away from large infrastructure to plug-in components
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Mind-Expander, 1967
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Hans rucker co.
Hippies and drugs were part of the cultural context
Environments inspired by new technologies
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TWA Terminal
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Eero Saarinen, Kennedy Airport, New York City (1956-62)
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Dulles Airport
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Eero Saarinen, Chantilly, VA (1958-62)
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Yale University Art Gallery
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Louis Kahn, New Haven, Connecticut, 1951-53
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Salk Institute for Biological Studies
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Louis Kahn, , La Jolla, California, 1959-65
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Kimbell Art Museum
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Louis Kahn, Fort Worth, Texas, 1966-72
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National Assembly Building
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Louis Kahn, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1962-73
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Study Guide: ARCH 350