ANSC 318: EXAM 2
45 Cards in this Set
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Small Ruminants use of feedstuffs
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high in forages, low in concentrates
91:9
but only a very small portion of total feed and concentrate usage
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Feedlot cattle use of feedstuffs
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high in concentrates, low in forages
72:28
4th largest use of total feed and 3rd largest total use of concentrate
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All beef cattle use of feedstuffs
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high in forages low in concentrates
*even though feed lot uses more grain, grazing cattle is extremely high in forages
83:17
largest portion of total feed used and very small part of concentrate used
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non ruminants use of feedstuffs
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hogs, poultry
use high concentrate, low forage
90:10
low portion of total feed very high portion of total concentrate used
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Dry forages and roughage classification
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Includes cut and dried forages/roughage that have greater than 35% of NDF (high in cell wall) and low in energy content
Ex: Carbonaceous roughage less than 10% CP like straws, stalks and mature grasses and Proteinaceous roughage greater than 10% CP like legumes and immature grasses
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Pasture and grazed forages classification
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Cool/warm season grasses and legumes, forbs and browse
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Silages classification
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Includes ensiled forages that are carbonaceous (corn, grass silage) and proteinaceous (alfalfa, clover silage)
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Mineral & Vitamin supplement classification
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Mineral: bone meal, calcium carbonate and limestone
Vitamin: Fish oil, wheat germ, Vitamin A acetate and Vitamin D3 acetate
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Feed additives classification
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Antibiotics, buffers(sodium bicarbonate, magnesium oxide), antioxidants(prevent oxidative rancidity of fats), Chemical preservatives(mold inhibitors, prevent deterioration), pellet binding agents(bentonite, lignin sulfonate) and probiotics(lactobacillus, aspergillus)
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forage vs. grain (forage)
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forage is high in NDF (greater than 35%), low in energy content, high in calcium content, low in phosphorous, carbonaceous if CP is lower than 10% or proteinaceous if CP is higher than 10% and has a high variation in nutrient content
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forage vs. grain (grain)
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grain is low in NDF (less than 35%), high in energy content, low in calcium content, high in phosphorous, carbonaceous if CP is lower than 20% or proteinaceous if CP is higher than 20% and has a low variation in nutrient content
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Carbonaceous concentrates
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lower than 35% NDF, lower than 20% CP
Includes: Cereal grains(corn, oats, barley, rye and wheat) Sorghum (milo, kafir) Milling By-Products (bran, middlings) and misc feeds (animal fat, bakery by-products)
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Corn grain
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-no limitations on its use
-only grain with B-carotene--> Vitamin A
-fed whole
-generally processed before feeding
-susceptible to mold damage
high in starch**
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Sorghum (milo)
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-40% grown in texas
-drought tolerant
-can be only grain source in diets
-must be processed to utilize
-used widely for swine because its similar to corn
**similar to corn but lower in fat, fiber and starch
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Wheat
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-not widely used $$, primarily for humans
-best protein quality of cereal grains
-only gain source if used for pigs, and only 50% for ruminants
-more fermentable starch then corn or milo (more likely to cause acidosis which will decrease milk fat)
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Barley
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-3rd most important grain
-grown in north and used in brewing
*higher fiber than corn/milo but lower energy*
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Oats
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-has hull weight
-"safe grain" for horses because its high in fiber
-limited used in pigs, more for horses and ruminants
*high crude fiber, lowest energy of all grains*
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Gluten free
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by products of corn and milo, have less energy than original grain
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Middlings
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by products from wheat and rye, moderate energy
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Hominy feed
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by product of only corn, only slightly less energy than corn, still high
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grain screenings
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from all grains, less energy than original
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Miscellaneous
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groats, and barley malt sprouts
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Proteinaceous concentrates
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lower than 35% NDF, greater than 20% CP
Includes: Oil-seed protein feeds like SBM, CSM, Peanut meal, sunflower meal, flaxseed meal canola mean and processed oilseeds like vegtable oil, meals and hulls
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Soybean Meal
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-oil extracted from soybeans
-2 types: 1 hass more hulls, more fiber(44%protein) 2 has more protein(50%) less fiber
-most abundant protein feedstuff in US
-very good blend of EAA, high in energy, low in D and B vitamins and Ca minerals, HIGH in phosphorous
-raw can inhibit digestion, …
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Cottonseed Meal
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-oil extracted from cottonseed
-lower protein than SBM(41%,low in lysine) but cheaper
-abundant protein source from the south
-high in fiber so lower energy for non ruminants
-has gossypol which can be toxic to pigs, ruminants less susceptible
-low in Ca, carotene and Vitamin D, HIGH…
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Peanut Meal
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-oil extracted from peanut kernels
- lower protein quality compared to SBM because less EAA (46%)
-best suited for ruminant feeds because of cost on AAs
-potential for aflatoxin
-low in Ca, carotene and Vitamin D and MODERATE in P
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Sunflower Meal
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-oil extracted from sunflower seeds
- moderate in crude fiber but lower protein than SBM (34-42%)
-MODERATE in Ca, high in P
-better for ruminants
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Flaxseed Meal
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-oil extracted from flaxseeds
-primarily in north
-lower protein than SBM(34-38%) but has omega fatty acids
-MODERATE in Ca, high in P
-better for ruminants
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Canola or Rapeseed Meal
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-oil extracted rapeseed
-can contain erucic acid and glucosinolates
-primarily in north
-lower but close to SBM protein(35-40%) high in EAA
-MODERATE in Ca, High in P
-second best protein because of EAA**
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Protein feeds of Animal Origin
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-excellent protein quality(EAA) that is effected by processing method
-regulated because of BSE and can't be feed to ruminants
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Meat and Bone Meal
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-most common animal protein feed
-from bone, hair, hoof, horn and hide tissue
-45-55% protein
-must contain 4%P and less than 2.2XP Ca levels
-nutritional content varies batch to batch, meat meal with fewer bones contains more protein
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Blood Meal
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-from hair free blood
-80-90% protein
-processed in high temps
-high in EAA like lysine but $$
-high in bypass UIP protein for ruminants
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Poultry-based products
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-feather meal high in protein (85-95%) but low in EAA and is a UIP
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Fish Meal
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-clean, dried fish tissue
-55-75% protein of excellent and very digestible quality but is $$
-High in Ca and P and UIP
-Menhaden is most common sourse
-can cause off flavored meat in non ruminants if feed too much
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Common Cool Season Grasses
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Timothy
C3 plants, less photo synthetically efficient but more digestible
Kentucky bluegrass
Smooth bromegrass
Orchardgrass
Tall fescue
Ryegrass
Wheatgrass
Oats
Barly
Triticale
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Common Warm Season Grasses
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C4 plants are more efficient at photosynthesis
Indiangrass
Switchgrass
Side-oats gramma
Buffalograss
Lovegrass
Bermudagrass (Tifton 85)
Dallisgrass
Bahiagrass
Kleingrass
Johnsongrass
Forage sorghum
Sundangrass
Crabgrass
Pearl millet
Sorghum-sudan hybrids
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Proteinaceous forages
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higher than 10% CP and higher than 35% NDF
include: warm and cold immature grasses, legumes and silages
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Methods of utilzing forage crops
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1. Pasture grazing systems
2. Hay
3. Direct-cut silage (green chop)
4. Silage
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1. Pasture grazing systems
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-select plants that are well adapted to climate and soil type and will provide available forage in multiple seasons of the year
-can be continuous, rotational, first-last, strip, limit or creep grazing (low to high utilization)
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Rotational grazing
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separate large pasture into small pads and roate when the forage is grazed down in one pad
*trick is knowing when to rotate, is labor intensive, and you must have water in each pad
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First-last grazing
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2 sets of rotational grazers, 1st with higher requirements(1st and 2nd calf females and BCS less than4), 2nd with lower requirements (5-8 years and BCS greater than 4)
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Strip grazing
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uses electric fence to move ever strip having an increase of pasture each time * highest utilization*
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Limit grazing
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high quality grass only grazed for a few hours, other pasture has lower quality and is used for the remaineder of the grazing, mature grass is not grazed in summer, saved for winter
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Creep grazing
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a type of limit grazing but the wires are high enough that calves can go under and graze both pastures at any time
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Stocking rate
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optimal range where the gain per animal and acre are the same, not over stocked or understocked
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Exam 1 Flashcards