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ANSC 107: FINAL EXAM
Rumen |
Large, hollow, muscular compartment which extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis and nearly fills the left side of the abdominal cavity in a large dairy cow
Walls of rumen lined with papillae and secrete no enzymes
|
Reticulum (Honeycomb) |
Walls are lined with mucus membrane containing many intersecting ridges which subdivide the surface into a honey-comb like surface |
Abomasum (True Stomach) |
First glandular portion of the ruminant GIT
Essentially the same as the stomach in non-ruminents
|
Omasum |
Spherical organ filled with muscular laminae which are studded with short papillae (Surface area)
Functions:
Reduction of particle size
Absorption of water |
Relative volume of ruminant compartment |
Reticulum - 5%
Rumen - 80%
Omasum - 7-8%
Abomasum - 8-9% |
Animal and Feed Conversion ratios |
Cattle 7:1
Sheep 4-6:1
Swine 31/2 :1
Broilers 2:1
Fish 1.1:1 |
Rotational crossbreeding |
Combines 2 or more breeds, where a different breed of boar is mated to to a replacement crossbred female produced by the previous generation |
Terminal crossbreeding |
None kept for breeding |
Line breeding |
Mild form where inbreeding is kept low. Keep high genetic relationship. |
Outcrossing |
-Unrelated animals within the same breed are mated
-Gene pairs are primarily heterozygous
-Most popular system
-Animals to be mated are less related than the average breed |
Strain Crossing |
Cross two strains of similar egg production
- Single comb white leghorn |
Species (associated days of gestation) |
equine (mare) -- 340 days
bovine (cow/heifer) -- 283 days
porcine (sow) -- 113 days
ovine (sheep)/caprine (goats) -- 147 days |
Species (scientific name) |
Bovine - cattle
Equine - horses
Porcine - swine
Caprine - goats
Ovine - sheep |
Animal and feed conversion ratio |
A ratio of the amount of feed input it takes to produce a set quantity of animal product output |
Phenotype |
Physical appearance |
Rete testis |
Carries sperm from seminiferous tubules to ducts |
Maternal breeds |
Angus
Hereford
Brahman
Tarentaise
Yorkshire
Leghorn
Rambouillet |
Digestion |
Breakdown of foods |
Insulin |
Regulates blood sugar levels |
Young horse |
Foal, filly, colt |
HACCP |
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
identifies physical, chemical, and biological hazards in production |
Monogastrics |
One stomach |
Hypertrophy |
Increase in volume of an organ tissue due to enlargement of cells |
Passage rate for ruminants |
96-120 hours (Rumination 6-8 hours a day) |
Meat inspection |
necessary for quality and safety |
Beef quality yield grade factors |
Maturity and marbling |
Yield grading |
Quality denotes eating quality or "palatability" Cut ability refers to leanness or trimness |
Breed associated with porcine stress syndrome |
Pietrain |
Definition: marbling |
Intramuscular fat |
Specie with the highest dressing percentage |
Pork |
Draft horse breeds |
Belgian, Clydesdale
Belgian: Belgium
Clydesdale: Scotland |
Fat soluble vitamins |
A, E, D, K |
Angus |
Cattle breed with largest number of annual registrations
black, naturally polled, moderate size
excellent marbling, early compositional maturity, maternal breed
Originated in Scotland |
Brangus |
Most widespread composite breed
black and naturally polled, moderate size
5/8 Angus and 3/8 Brahman
mothering ability, early sexual maturity, heat tolerance, forage ability |
How an animals matures |
Front to back |
Farrowing |
Sow (pig) act of parturition
So when a pig gives birth* |
Which livestock industry is vertically integrated? |
Poultry |
Various types of feedstuffs |
Roughages(Feed materials low in energy & containing > 18% crude fiber) -
Pasture
Hay
Silage
Straw
Stover |
Quality grades associated with beef |
prime
choice
select
standard
commercial
utility
cutter
canner |
Quality grades associated with lamb |
prime
choice
good
utility
|
Yield grade equation for pork |
YG = (4 x LRB thickness) - (1 x MS)
LRB ~ 1.4''
Muscle thickness ~ 1 2 3 (1=thin, 3=thick) |
Yield grade equation for beef |
Adj. fat thickness between 12th & 13th rib , % KPH, ribeye area, carcass weight |
Yield grade equation for lamb |
YG = 0.4 + (10 x Adj. fat thickness)
Adj. fat thickness ~ .3'' |
What structure allows for milk to bypass the rumen? |
Esophageal groove |
Define hormone |
Chemical substance that is secreted into the body fluids by one cell or group of cells and has an effect on other cells |
Define AI |
Involves placing semen into the reproductive tract of the female by artificial techniques rather than natural mating. |
Wholesale cuts of beef |
Loin, rib, chuck |
Wholesale cuts of pork |
Loin, boston butt, shoulder |
Wholesale cuts lamb |
Loin, rack, shoulder |
Vulva |
Passage for urine
Receptor for penis during copulation
Passageway for fetus |
Vagina |
Female organ of copulation at mating
Birth canal at parturition |
Cervix |
Passageway for sperm and fetus |
Uterus |
Womb |
Oviduct |
Site of fertilization |
Broad Ligament |
Suspensory support for repro tract
|
Infundibulum |
Catches ovum after ovulation |
Ovary |
Produces female sex hormones and female gametes |
Follicle |
Blister like structure on ovary that contains ovum |
Anterior pituitary |
Secretes Follicle stimulating hormone
Induces estrogen production |
Corpus Luteum |
Yellow body forms after ovulation and produces progesterone |
Define embryo transfer |
The movement of pre-implantation embryos from the reproductive tract of the genetic mother (donor) to the reproductive tract of the surrogate mother (recipient) |
Study of essential nature of disease |
Pathology |
Colostrum |
First milk given by mother to newborn. contains high antibody levels (passive immunity) |
Calorie |
The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1 °C |
Breed |
Animals of common origin having characteristics that distinguish them in groups within the same species
|
Compensatory growth |
Increased growth rate in response to previous undernourishment |
Hormone related to milk let down |
Oxytocin |
Follicle stimulating hormone |
acts upon ovary and is secreted by anterior pituitary, also induces follicle development, estrogen production, and stimulates spermatogenesis |
Prostaglandin |
Shortens the current estrous cycle starting every animal at the same time |
Progesterone |
Regulates uterine function, often called "the hormone of pregnancy"
|